Figure 2.

Overview of muscle geometry (left) and muscle activation (right) in the investigated species Aeshna/Sympetrum set-up (a), Anax imperator (b), Cordulegaster bidentata (c) and Onychogomphus forcipatus (d). Segmented three-dimensional models are shown in front of AnyBody inverse dynamic models. Both models are of the right side of the head; slight differences in perspective are due to the different programs used for the respective model (Blender/AnyBody). All models are corrected for size; ‘tendon’ is in light blue, mandible in dark blue or grey, respectively. ‘Tendon’ is omitted in the AnyBody models to better show different muscle groups. Time series show activation for each mandibular muscle during the 10 strongest bites measured. Activation was normalized against the maximum force modelled for each fibre; bite cycle duration was normalized against contact time. Abbreviations: 0md1, M. craniomandibularis internus; 0md5, M. tentoriomandibularis lateralis superior; 0md6, M. tentoriomandibularis lateralis inferior; 0md8, M. tentoriomandibularis medialis inferior.