Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of the African American-Diabetes Heart Study Cohort (n = 300), Mean (sd) or percent
| Age, y | 55.1 (9.0) |
| Duration of diabetes, y | 10.2 (7.2) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 34.7 (7.7) |
| Smoking (% past, % current) | 35.3, 22.3 |
| Chronic kidney disease, % | 38.7 |
| Cardiovascular disease, % | 29.3 |
| Hypertension, % | 80.7 |
| Medications | |
| Insulin, % | 42.0 |
| Oral hypoglycemic, % | 76.3 |
| Statins, % | 49.0 |
| ACEi/ARB, % | 52.3 |
| Steroids, % | 7.3 |
| Hormone replacement therapy, women only, % | 13.7 |
| Bisphosphonates, % | 0.3 |
| Calcium supplements, % | 9.3 |
| Vitamin D supplements, % | 3.0 |
| Clinical Chemistry Biomarkers | |
| High-sensitivity CRP, mg/dl | 1.03 (1.58) |
| HbA1c, % | 8.1 (1.8) |
| 25OHD, ng/ml | 20.1 (12.3) |
| 1,25(OH)2D3, pg/ml | 47.3 (18.0) |
| Intact PTH, pg/ml | 56.2 (30.3) |
| Serum calcium, mg/dl | 9.57 (0.42) |
| Serum phosphorus, mg/dl | 3.56 (0.58) |
| Urine albumin:creatinine, mg/g | 12.0 (4.2, 48.0)a |
| Estimated GFR, ml/min/1.73 m2 | 92.1 (21.1) |
| Bone and Adiposity Measures | |
| Lumbar vBMD, mg/cm3 | 179 (148, 209)a |
| Thoracic vBMD, mg/cm3 | 205 (172, 232)a |
| Vertebral facture, % | 28.3 |
| Pericardial adipose, cm3 | 90.6 (42.9) |
| Visceral adipose, cm3 | 181.7 (78.2) |
| IM adipose, cm3 | 10.5 (7.3) |
| SC adipose, cm3 | 433.9 (189.0) |
| Hepatic steatosis, cm3 | 52.6 (10.7) |
| CP Measures | |
| Aorta CP mass, mg Ca+ (n = 296) | |
| Baseline | 997 (41, 5472)a |
| Follow-up | 2767 (411, 10 194)a |
| Carotid artery CP mass, mg Ca+ (n = 294) | |
| Baseline | 1 (0, 72)a |
| Follow-up | 27 (0, 238)a |
| Coronary artery CP mass, mg Ca+ (n = 235) | |
| Baseline | 20 (0, 312)a |
| Follow-up | 89 (11, 688)a |
| Aorta CP mass = 0 (N, %) | |
| Baseline | 56 (18.9%) |
| Follow-up | 2 (0.7%) |
| Carotid artery CP mass = 0 (N, %) | |
| Baseline | 142 (48.3%) |
| Follow-up | 87 (29.6%) |
| Coronary artery CP mass = 0 (N, %) | |
| Baseline | 94 (40.0%) |
| Follow-up | 38 (16.2%) |
Abbreviations: ACEi, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; CRP, C-reactive protein; 1,25(OH)2D, 1,25 di-hydroxyvitamin D; 25OHD, 25 hydroxyvitamin D.
a
Median and interquartile range.