Safety and usefulness of needle-guided resection of levator muscles in laparoscopic abdominoperineal resection for low rectal cancer

Abstract

Introduction

During laparoscopic abdominoperineal resection (APR) for low rectal cancer, it is difficult to resect the levator muscles and remove a cylindrical specimen without venturing close to the rectal wall to ensure negative circumferential resection margins (CRM). To solve this problem, we developed a needle-guided, laparoscopic, abdominoperineal resection (LAPR) technique.

Aim

To present the safety and superiority of our technique, “needle-guided LAPR”.

Material and methods

In 2015, we performed needle-guided LAPR in 5 patients. In brief, the procedure is performed as follows. After total mesorectum excision to the level of the levator muscles, a needle is inserted through the perineum from the dorsal side of the internal aspect of the anus toward the sacral tip. The levator muscles and fat tissue are resected laparoscopically by following the needle. After the levator muscles have been resected, the needle is followed in a similar manner to resect the specimen from the perineum, enabling easy access to the intra-abdominal space and removal of the specimen. No position change is required during the perineal operation or pelvic floor reconstruction.

Results

Mean age was 68 years and 3 patients were male. There were no intraoperative complications or conversions to open surgery. The mean operation time and intraoperative blood loss were 319 min and 131 ml, respectively. All specimens were cylindrical in shape and had negative CRM. There were no postoperative complications.

Conclusions

Needle-guided LAPR was easily and safely performed to achieve accurate resection of the levator muscles. This technique could contribute to standardization of LAPR.

Introduction

During laparoscopic abdominoperineal resection (APR) for low rectal cancer, it is important to ensure negative circumferential resection margins (CRM). Laparoscopic APR is superior to open APR in that it enables precise visualization of the small intra-pelvic space, making it possible to accurately dissect the mesorectum and prevent injury to the ureter and autonomic nerves. Moreover, an operator and an assistant or a trainee can share the same view of the deep intra-pelvic space, which is an advantage in terms of education and standardization of surgical techniques. However, even with laparoscopic surgery it is still difficult to accurately resect the levator muscles while ensuring negative CRM. The specimen can be resected from the prostate and seminal vesicle in men or vaginal wall in women on the ventral side; however, on the dorsal side of the rectum there are no visible landmarks to follow when resecting the levator muscles. This explains why surgeons usually venture close to the rectal wall, creating a “surgical waist” in the specimen or causing rectal perforation or both. Indeed, the rate of CRM involvement, and therefore the rate of local recurrence, is reportedly higher for APR than for anterior resection (AR) [1–4]. To address these problems with APR, Holm et al. reported extralevator abdominoperineal resection (ELAPR, cylindrical APR) in 2007 [5]. In this procedure, extended perineal dissection, including the sphincter complex, is performed and the inferior surface of the levator muscles followed laterally to their point of origin on the pelvic sidewall. This procedure does make it possible to create a cylindrical specimen and ensure negative CRM. However, it necessitates moving the patient into the prone jackknife position and reconstruction of the pelvic floor, which can lead to an increase in operation time and intraoperative blood loss. We therefore developed the “needle-guided, laparoscopic, abdominoperineal resection (LAPR)” technique, which enables even relatively inexperienced surgeons to easily, safely, and accurately resect the levator muscles and create a cylindrically shaped specimen with negative CRM simply by inserting a needle from the perineum; no intraoperative position change or pelvic floor reconstruction is required.

Aim

The aim of our study is to present the safety and superiority of our technique, “needle-guided LAPR”, to the conventional method for low rectal cancer.

Material and methods

Patients

We first implemented needle-guided LAPR in 2015. This method is applicable to patients with low rectal cancer (Rb) located within 3 cm of the anal verge who require APR to enable confirmation of the distal surgical margin. Patients with local invasion of the levator muscle or other organs are not suitable candidates for this procedure. All procedures were performed by the same experienced laparoscopic colorectal surgeon, who is certified by the Japanese Society for Endoscopic Surgery. The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Kitano Hospital, the Tazuke Kofukai Medical Research Institute.

Surgical technique: part 1, total mesorectal excision (TME)

The patient is placed in a lithotomy Trendelenburg position, and this position is maintained throughout the entire procedure. The operator stands on the patient’s right side, the first assistant on the left, and the camera holder cranially on the patient’s right side. A monitor is placed by the patient’s left foot. A pneumoperitoneum is then created with a pressure of 10 mm Hg and trocars placed as shown in Figure 1. Trocars B and D are placed lateral to the inferior epigastric artery and vein midway between the umbilicus and upper edge of the pubis. Trocars A and C are placed at the distance of a fist from trocars B and D, respectively. Trocars A and D are 5 mm, and trocars B, C, and E are 12 mm. Trocars A and B are used by the operator and trocars C and D by the first assistant. The camera is inserted through trocar E at the umbilicus, and its position remains unchanged throughout the operation. As in other laparoscopic surgery procedures for low rectal cancer, the sigmoid colon and rectum are completely mobilized, the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) cut at its root, and the adjacent lymph nodes resected. The total mesorectal excision (TME) is then performed to the level of the surfaces of the levator muscles bilaterally on the dorsal side and to the caudal tip of the prostate in men or about the same level of the vaginal wall in women on the ventral side. The ureter and pelvic autonomic nerves are carefully protected during dissection. The sigmoid colon is severed with a linear stapler. The TME is not continued between the mesorectum and levator muscles. Instead, the levator muscles are dissected vertically distally to create a cylindrical specimen.

Figure 1.

Trocar placement for laparoscopic colorectal surgery (trocars A and D: 5 mm, trocars B and C: 12 mm, trocar E: 12 mm)

Surgical technique: part 2, needle-guided resection of the levator muscles

Next, the surgeon moves to the perineum, makes a skin incision that encircles the anus, inserts a needle anterior to the sacrum from the tip of the coccyx (Photos 1, 2), and then moves back to the right side of the patient. The levator muscles and fat tissue are resected laparoscopically following the needle, which emerges from the levator muscles (Photo 3). In this step, the first assistant uses forceps to elevate the mesorectum enough to enable clear visualization of the pelvic floor. After the levator muscles have been resected, the surgeon again moves to the perineum and resects the specimen from the perineum by similarly following the needle, this procedure enabling easy access to the intra-abdominal space. The specimen is then removed and a 19 Fr double cannula drain inserted into the pelvic space from the wound of trocar D. Finally, the abdominal and perineal incisions are closed and a sigmoid stoma created on the left side of the abdomen.

Photo 1.

Magnetic resonance imaging image of patient 5 and schema showing the direction of insertion of the needle

Photo 2.

Inserted needle viewed from the perineum

Photo 3.

Laparoscopic view of the inserted needle emerging from the levator muscles

Results

Laparoscopic, abdominoperineal resection was performed on 26 patients in our institution from 2009 to 2015, the first 21 of whom underwent standard LAPR. In 2015, needle-guided LAPR was developed and performed on the last five of these patients. Their mean age was 68 years and three were male. Relevant patient characteristics are shown in Table I. Patients 1 and 4 underwent neoadjuvant chemo-radiation therapy. No patient had levator muscle invasion or lateral lymph node metastases.

Table I.

Preoperative patient characteristics

Patient	Gender	Age [years]	nCRT	Stage before nCRT	Stage before surgery	Height [cm]	Body weight [kg]	BMI [kg/m2]	ASA class
1	Male	67	Yes	cT3,N1,M0	ycT3,N0,M0	168	65.7	23.3	2
2	Female	63	No	–	cT1b,N0,M0	157.5	41.8	16.9	2
3	Male	83	No	–	cT3,N0,M0	142	49.7	24.6	2
4	Male	50	Yes	cT3,N0,M0	cT3,N0,M0	166.7	69.9	25.2	2
5	Female	78	No	–	cT3,N0,M0	149.4	42.6	19.1	2

BMI – body mass index, ASA – American Society of Anesthesiologists, nCRT – neoadjuvant chemo-radiation therapy.

The operative and pathological findings are shown in Table II. No rectal perforations occurred and no patient required conversion to open surgery. The mean operation time was 319 min and intraoperative blood loss 131 ml. All specimens had negative CRM. A representative resected specimen (patient 5) is shown in Photo 4. The mean time to extracting the drain was 5 days, and the mean postoperative hospital stay was 15 days. There were no surgical site infections and no other postoperative complications (Clavien-Dindo classification > II). No patient developed obvious urinary or erectile dysfunction.

Table II.

Operative and pathological characteristics of study procedures

Patient	Operation time [min]	Blood loss [ml]	Complications	Hospital stay [day]	Time to drain removal [day]	Pathological stage	CRM
1	323	137	No	13	6	ypT3,N0,M0	Negative
2	232	105	No	19	5	pT2,N0,M0	Negative
3	368	40	No	16	3	pT3,N0,M0	Negative
4	366	287	No	10	8	ypT3,N0,M0	Negative
5	306	87	No	17	5	pT3,N0,M0	Negative

CRM – circumferential resection margin.

Photo 4.

Operative specimen of patient 5. The specimen is cylindrically shaped, without a surgical waist

Discussion

The rate of recurrence is reportedly higher after APR than AR, and the prognosis is poorer [1–4]. This difference is attributable to the difficulty of resecting the levator muscles without venturing too close to the rectal wall [6, 7], which carries a risk of positive CRM and intraoperative rectal perforation, especially in obese patients with narrow pelvic spaces. Recently, many authors have reported the effectiveness of extralevator abdominoperineal resection (ELAPR, cylindrical APR) [5–9]. In this procedure, first reported by Holm et al., the levator muscles are totally resected from the pelvic wall, thus creating a cylindrical specimen and minimizing positive CRM. In a multicenter study, West et al. analyzed the pathological findings in 176 specimens from patients who had undergone ELAPR and reported that this procedure is associated with a lower incidence of CRM involvement and intraoperative rectal perforation than standard APR [6]. Similarly, Han et al. conducted a randomized controlled trial to compare ELAPR with conventional APR and found by pathological examination of surgical specimens that ELAPR achieves a larger total cross-sectional tissue area around the tumor than conventional APR [10]. Additionally, Chi et al. reported that ELAPR can be safely performed laparoscopically without position change. However, ELAPR is associated with high rates of perineal pain and pelvic infection because of the large dead space in the pelvic floor. Reconstruction of the pelvic defect with the assistance of plastic surgeons is frequently necessary, which prolongs the operation time. Moreover, total resection of the levator muscles is often not indicated from an oncological perspective and leads to unnecessarily invasive surgery with coccygeal resection in many patients [6, 10–12]. In addition, Prytz et al. reported that there is no difference between ELAPR and conventional APR in the rate of local recurrence and 3-year survival [13].

We believe that needle-guided LAPR has the following three advantages. First, it enables even relatively inexperienced surgeons to easily and safely resect the levator muscles and create a cylindrical specimen without venturing too close to the rectal wall. Second, it is easy to accurately resect the levator muscles laparoscopically under very clear visualization without creating a defect that requires pelvic defect reconstruction, which means shorter operation time and less intraoperative blood loss. Third, this technique enables experienced surgeons and trainees to share the same view of the deep pelvic space, which contributes to better education and standardization of the procedure.

This procedure has some limitations. It is contraindicated in patients with tumors that have extensively invaded the levator muscles, because of the risk of inserting the needle into the tumor and subsequent implantation. The feasibility of this procedure must be carefully examined preoperatively by preoperative computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging scans. We have performed too few of these procedures to draw accurate conclusions about safety and oncological effectiveness. We need to perform the procedure on more patients and more precisely analyze specimens and outcomes to assess local recurrence rates and survival.

Conclusions

Needle-guided resection of levator muscles in LAPR could be easily and safely performed. This technique could contribute to standardization of LAPR.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.