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The immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of MSCs on immune cells involved in atherosclerosis. MSCs suppress Th1, Th17 whereas promote Th2 and Treg cells. MSCs also regulate the balance between M1 and M2 macrophage. MSCs inhibit M1 but facilitate M2 differentiation. MSCs also curb the formation of foam cells from macrophage in atherosclerosis.
