Figure 1.

Conceptual framework illustrating that disease can cause similar damage (mortality) with varying contributions of two components: lack of coevolution between host and pathogens (G), and lack of evolution with the environment (E). Including the environmental dimension in the disease takes into account the role of the phenotype of the host and the pathogen in the interaction. Red and green arrows indicate the contribution of globalization and climate change, respectively, to the two components. Including the environment also differentiates the concepts of emergence and invasiveness in relation to diseases caused by native pathogens.