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. 2015 Jun 8;157(4):630–640. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.22758

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© 2015 The Authors American Journal of Physical Anthropology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial‐NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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UPGMA trees summarizing population relationships. Distances inferred from: (A) lexical and (B) syntactic comparisons among 12 Indo‐European‐speaking European populations; (C) syntactic comparisons among 15 European languages, and (D) F _ST distances among 15 populations sharing 177,949 SNPs. Lexical distances were estimated from lists of cognate words, amounting to over 6,000 roots (http://ielex.mpi.nl/); syntactic distances were measured over 56 parameters of nominal phrases (http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jhl.3.1.07lon.additional). In (D), numbers indicate the support of the branching after 100 bootstrap replicates. The matrix perturbation techniques usable to test the robustness of trees (bootstrapping and jackknifing) provide stable topologies, but owing to the small number of characters involved they are only relatively reliable (cf. Longobardi et al., 2013 for more details). Therefore, bootstrapping scores have been only reported here for the genetic tree D.