Figure 3.

Effect of rice hull extract on interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophage cells

Cells were treated with LPS (1 μg/ml) with or without rice hull extract (100 or 200 μg/ml) for 18 h. Culture medium was then collected and IL–1β (a) and TNF-α (b) levels were determined by ELISA. All data are presented as the mean ± SEM of three independent experiments. *P value less than 0.05, statistically significant differences compared to treatment with LPS alone.