Table 2. Clinical presentations of musculoskeletal disabilities following snakebite.

Musculoskeletal disability				Patient characteristics
Presenting complaint	On examination	Site	Snakea	No.	Duration since bite	Circumstance	Sex	Age (yrs.)	Occupation
(A) Intermittent pain over foot	Chronic ulcer Ankylosed ankle joint Wasting and weakness of quadriceps, hamstrings, gastrocnemius and soleus muscles Soft tissue Hypertrophy at the heel Foot deformity	Foot	C	1	34 years	While walking	F	47	Farmer
(B) Intermittent swelling over ankle	Lump over ankle joint No tenderness	Ankle	RV	2	31 years	While walking	F	72	Housewife
(C) Pain during prolonged standing and walking	Wound Scar Limited ankle dorsiflexion Wasting and weakness of quadriceps, gastrocnemius and soleus muscles Impaired standing balance	Foot	C	3	2 years	While standing	F	16	None
			NI	4	5 years	While walking	F	61	House wife
	Partial amputation Impaired standing balance	Big toe	HNV	5	2 years	While walking	F	40	Manual labourer
	Tenderness over tendoachilles Limited ankle plantar flexion Wasting and weakness of gastrocnemius, quadriceps and soleus muscles Impaired standing balance	Achilles tendon	RV	6	4 months	During harvesting	M	65	Farmer
				7	15 years	While farming	M	42	Farmer
			C	8	2 years	While playing	M	16	Student
			NI	9	12 years	While sleeping	M	19	Unemployed
				10	13years	While standing	F	28	Housewife
(D) Intermittent swelling and pain of ankles	Ankle swelling Limited ankle dorsiflexion Impaired standing balance	Above ankle	RV	11	7 months	While walking	M	33	Farmer
		Ankle		12	8 years	While walking	F	27	Housewife
				13	3 months	While walking	M	66	Farmer
		Ankle	NI	14	9 years	While walking	F	34	Housewife
				15	12 years	While walking	F	27	Housewife
				16	10 years	While walking	M	63	Farmer
(E) Manual disability	Amputated right index finger Reduced grip strength Weakness and wasting of upper limb muscles	Index finger	C	17	13 years	While reaching for an object from a wrack	F	45	Housewife
	Amputated right ring finger Reduced grip strength Weakness and wasting of upper limb muscles	Thumb		18	10 years	While sleeping	F	73	Farmer
	Amputated right ring finger Reduced grip strength Weakness and wasting of upper limb muscles	Ring finger	NI	19	55 years	While putting the hand in to a anthill	F	60	Housewife
(F) Pain in upper limb caused by prolonged or repetitive use	Stiff interphalangeal joints Reduced grip strength	Thumb	C	20	20 years	While working in the chena	M	63	Farmer
		Index finger	RV	21	17 years.	While working in the field	M	37	Farmer
		Ring finger	NI	22	50 years.	While collecting firewood	F	65	Housewife
	Reduced grip strength Stiff interphalangeal joints Wound scar Wasting of hypothenar muscles and forearm flexor muscles Muscle contractures Finger deformity	Ring finger	NI	23	4 months	While cutting firewood	M	27	Farmer
		Ring finger	HNV	24	10 years	While collecting firewood	M	73	Farmer
		Middle finger	C	25	6 years	While working in the garden	M	50	Farmer
		Index finger		26	10 years	While collecting firewood	F	60	Housewife

^a C = Cobra; RV = Russell’s viper; HNV = Hump nosed viper; NI = Not identified