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Examples of cation–π interactions in biological systems. (A) Extended cation–π interactions in the human growth hormone receptor extracellular domain (ref. 11e). (B) Crystal structure of acetylcholine esterase bound to a bis “quat” salt (ref. 12a). (C) Crystal structure of squalene-hopene cyclase bound to a transition state analog for the cationic polycyclization of squalene. Adapted with permission from ref. 13e. Copyright 2004 Elsevier.
