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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Oct 4.
Published in final edited form as: Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2016 Jun 22;55(41):12596–12624. doi: 10.1002/anie.201600547

Scheme 17.

Scheme 17

(A) 5-Exo-trig vs. 5-endo-trig cyclizations reactions. (B) Chiral ammonium ion-catalyzed 5-endo-trig intramolecular Michael reaction. (C) The lowest-energy, computed transition structure en route to 60 (B97D/6-31G(d)). The red dotted line represents a cation–π interaction; blue dotted lines represent hydrogen bonds. Grey and black dotted lines indicate breaking or forming bonds.