Table 4.
Association Between Vitamin D Intake (Total and by Source) and All-Cause Mortality Among Men and Women in the CaMos
| Vitamin D Intake | Hazard Ratio (95% CI)a
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Men | Women | |
| Total | ||
| Moderate intake, 400–800 IU, 10–20 μg | 1 (referent) | 1 (referent) |
| Low intake, <400 IU, <10 μg | 0.97 (0.74–1.26) | 1.08 (0.90–1.31) |
| High intake, ≥800 IU, ≥20 μg | 1.02 (0.60–1.73) | 0.87 (0.63–1.21) |
| Dietary | ||
| Milk only (per 5 μg) | 0.98 (0.84–1.14) | 0.99 (0.87–1.14) |
| Supplemental | ||
| Supplement nonuser | 1.00 (referent) | 1.00 (referent) |
| Supplement user | 1.17 (0.92–1.48) | 0.84 (0.71–0.99) |
| Low dose, <400 IU, <10 μg | 1.17 (0.78–1.75) | 0.83 (0.64–1.08) |
| Moderate dose, 400–800 IU, 10–20 μg | 1.15 (0.87–1.52) | 0.83 (0.69–1.01) |
| High dose, ≥800 IU, ≥20 μg | 1.24 (0.63–2.48) | 0.91 (0.62–1.32) |
a
Not adjusted for concurrent calcium intake due to collinearity. Adjusted for confounders: age, study center, education, BMI, health status (SF-36 PCS score), cigarette smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, sun exposure, self-reported comorbidity (in men and women: hypertension, heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, COPD, and kidney stones; in women only: osteoporosis, thyroid disease, IBD, breast cancer, and uterine cancer; in men only: prostate cancer), and medication (aspirin use or other NSAIDs).