. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Nov 1.

Published in final edited form as: Psychosom Med. 2016 Nov-Dec;78(9):1072–1083. doi: 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000366

TABLE 3.

Associations (Odds Ratios) of Direct and Indirect Violence Exposure with Chronic Physical Conditions in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A) (N = 6,483)

	Arthritis
	Unadjusted		Demographics^a		SES^b		Lifetime Mental Disorders^c
	OR	(95% CI)	OR	(95% CI)	OR	(95% CI)	OR	(95% CI)

Any violence	1.72	(0.73–4.10)	1.58	(0.73–3.44)	1.78	(0.73–4.33)	1.57	(0.63–3.92)
Direct violence	1.95	(0.76–5.03)	1.98	(0.85–4.61)	2.17	(0.89–5.30)	1.53	(0.52–4.46)
Indirect violence	1.09	(0.35–3.45)	0.93	(0.28–3.15)	0.94	(0.20–4.48)	0.95	(0.20–4.63)

	Back/neck Pain
			Demographics^a		SES^b		Lifetime Mental Disorders^c
	OR	(95% CI)	OR	(95% CI)	OR	(95% CI)	OR	(95% CI)

Any violence	2.68^*	(1.67–4.32)	2.62^*	(1.65–4.18)	2.58^*	(1.67–3.98)	1.77^*	(1.14–2.73)
Direct violence	2.50^*	(1.51–4.14)	2.41^*	(1.52–3.81)	2.40^*	(1.56–3.67)	1.52^*	(1.04–2.21)
Indirect violence	1.71	(0.83–3.49)	1.68	(0.77–3.63)	1.74	(0.81–3.76)	1.56	(0.73–3.35)

	Headaches
			Demographics^a		SES^b		Lifetime Mental Disorders^c
	OR	(95% CI)	OR	(95% CI)	OR	(95% CI)	OR	(95% CI)

Any violence	2.11^*	(1.51–2.95)	2.21^*	(1.62–3.02)	2.12^*	(1.57–2.86)	1.59^*	(1.14–2.22)
Direct violence	2.27^*	(1.64–3.13)	2.31^*	(1.68–3.18)	2.24^*	(1.65–3.04)	1.71^*	(1.26–2.32)
Indirect violence	1.28	(0.70–2.33)	1.32	(0.76–2.30)	1.32	(0.77–2.26)	1.19	(0.66–2.14)

	Chronic Pain
			Demographics^a		SES^b		Lifetime Mental Disorders^c
	OR	(95% CI)	OR	(95% CI)	OR	(95% CI)	OR	(95% CI)

Any violence	1.90^*	(1.21–2.96)	1.92^*	(1.23–3.02)	2.05^*	(1.30–3.23)	2.06^*	(1.19–3.55)
Direct violence	1.06	(0.68–1.67)	1.04	(0.63–1.70)	1.11	(0.67–1.85)	1.06	(0.57–1.95)
Indirect violence	3.27^*	(1.88–5.69)	3.24^*	(1.93–5.46)	3.21^*	(1.85–5.57)	2.84^*	(1.44–5.58)

	Allergies
			Demographics^a		SES^b		Lifetime Mental Disorders^c
	OR	(95% CI)	OR	(95% CI)	OR	(95% CI)	OR	(95% CI)

Any violence	1.29^*	(1.04–1.59)	1.41^*	(1.12–1.78)	1.47^*	(1.1 7–1.86)	1.49^*	(1.19–1.87)
Direct violence	1.29	(0.92–1.79)	1.36	(0.96–1.93)	1.39	(0.98–1.98)	1.42^*	(1.01–1.99)
Indirect violence	1.09	(0.70–1.70)	1.17	(0.77–1.79)	1.20	(0.79–1.83)	1.16	(0.74–1.83)

	Asthma
			Demographics^a		SES^b		Lifetime Mental Disorders^c
	OR	(95% CI)	OR	(95% CI)	OR	(95% CI)	OR	(95% CI)

Any violence	1.45^*	(1.13–1.86)	1.46^*	(1.12–1.90)	1.50^*	(1.13–1.99)	1.68^*	(1.25–2.24)
Direct violence	1.31	(0.92–1.87)	1.32	(0.90–1.93)	1.37	(0.95–2.00)	1.43	(0.99–2.06)
Indirect violence	1.30	(0.61–2.77)	1.24	(0.54–2.84)	1.25	(0.53–2.94)	1.34	(0.55–3.23)

Significant at the p < .05 level, 2-sided test.

Logistic regression model adjusts for sex, age, and race/ethnicity.

Logistic regression model adjusts for sex, age, race/ethnicity, parent education, and household income-to-needs.

Logistic regression model adjusts for sex, age, and race/ethnicity, parent education, household income-to-needs, and lifetime mood, anxiety, and substance disorder.