Table 2.
Baseline Characteristics
| Patient Characteristics |
Overall (n=3,593) |
GC- HCAP (n=944) |
GC- CAP (n=808) |
Non-GC (n=1,841) |
GC- HCAP versus GC-CAP (p-value) |
GC- HCAP versus Non-GC (p-value) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age in years; median, IQR |
77.1, 71.8–81.8 |
76.8, 71.8– 81.4 |
77.1, 71.8– 81.7 |
77.3, 71.8–82.0 |
0.40 | 0.58 |
| Male, % | 98.4 | 99.3 | 98.6 | 97.9 | 0.20 | 0.009 |
| Race, % | 0.05 | 0.27 | ||||
| White | 80.7 | 78.7 | 84.0 | 80.3 | ||
| Black | 14.4 | 15.1 | 12.3 | 14.9 | ||
| Other | 4.9 | 6.1 | 3.7 | 4.7 | ||
| Hispanic ethnicity, % | 5.4 | 8.8 | 3.6 | 4.4 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| HCAP Risk Factors, % |
||||||
| Recent hospitalization, 90d |
71.6 | 74.9 | 59.4 | 75.2 | <0.0001 | 0.87 |
| Nursing home resident, 90d |
2.1 | 2.8 | 2.6 | 1.6 | 0.84 | 0.03 |
| Hemodialysis | 45.5 | 46.1 | 50.7 | 42.9 | 0.05 | 0.10 |
| Outpatient IV antibiotic therapy, 90d |
10.9 | 10.9 | 11.3 | 10.8 | 0.82 | 0.90 |
| ≥2 HCAP Risk Factors, % |
27.2 | 30.7 | 21.6 | 27.9 | <0.0001 | 0.12 |
| Charlson Index score; median, IQR |
3, 2–5 | 3, 2–5 | 4, 2–6 | 3, 2–5 | 0.10 | 0.83 |
| Comorbid conditions, % |
||||||
| Myocardial infarction |
12.8 | 12.3 | 14.1 | 12.4 | 0.26 | 0.91 |
| Heart failure | 40.1 | 36.7 | 46.3 | 39.1 | <0.0001 | 0.21 |
| Cerebrovascular disease |
21.7 | 25.1 | 21.3 | 20.1 | 0.06 | 0.002 |
| COPD | 56.2 | 52.6 | 61.5 | 55.7 | 0.0002 | 0.13 |
| Liver disease | 1.3 | 1.5 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 0.36 | 0.70 |
| CKD | 33.5 | 32.6 | 39.7 | 31.2 | 0.002 | 0.45 |
| Diabetes | 40.9 | 41.5 | 45.4 | 38.6 | 0.10 | 0.14 |
| Neoplastic disease | 27.7 | 30.1 | 22.6 | 28.7 | 0.0004 | 0.44 |
| HIV/AIDS | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.91 | 0.37 |
| Substance abuse or dependence |
||||||
| Tobacco use | 35.8 | 35.8 | 35.8 | 35.9 | 0.99 | 0.98 |
| Alcohol abuse or dependence |
5.1 | 4.7 | 5.4 | 5.2 | 0.45 | 0.57 |
| Outpatient medication use, 90d, % |
||||||
| Cardiovascular medications |
72.8 | 71.0 | 81.9 | 69.6 | <0.0001 | 0.47 |
| Antidiabetic medications |
27.5 | 27.3 | 33.0 | 25.2 | 0.009 | 0.23 |
| Inhaled corticosteroids |
21.8 | 20.8 | 23.9 | 21.5 | 0.12 | 0.65 |
| Systemic corticosteroids |
28.0 | 29.1 | 28.1 | 27.3 | 0.63 | 0.31 |
| Pulmonary medications |
39.4 | 36.7 | 44.1 | 38.8 | 0.002 | 0.26 |
| Vasopressors, % | 28.8 | 39.5 | 14.9 | 29.4 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Invasive mechanical ventilation, % |
41.6 | 53.7 | 28.5 | 41.2 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Non-invasive mechanical ventilation, % |
16.3 | 18.2 | 17.1 | 15.0 | 0.53 | 0.03 |
| Organ failure, % | ||||||
| Any organ failure | 68.9 | 76.6 | 64.4 | 67.0 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Respiratory | 46.0 | 55.5 | 36.5 | 45.2 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Cardiovascular | 18.3 | 18.5 | 12.1 | 20.9 | 0.0002 | 0.14 |
| Neurological | 4.5 | 5.6 | 5.0 | 3.6 | 0.54 | 0.02 |
| Renal | 36.9 | 40.8 | 34.2 | 36.2 | 0.004 | 0.02 |
| Hematologic | 6.8 | 9.4 | 5.2 | 6.2 | 0.0008 | 0.002 |
| Hepatic | 0.8 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.32 | 0.33 |
GC-HCAP: guideline-concordant healthcare-associated pneumonia
GC-CAP: guideline-concordant community-acquired pneumonia
GC: guideline-concordant
IQR: interquartile range
HCAP: healthcare-associated pneumonia
IV: intravenous
COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
CKD: chronic kidney disease
HIV/AIDS: human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome