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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Nov 5.
Published in final edited form as: Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2011 Sep 7;94(3):385–394. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2011.08.003

Table 1. Sample characteristics by race/ethnicity.

Variable All (n = 11,203) NHW (n = 5282) NHB (n = 3051) Hispanic/other (n = 1913) Missing (n = 957) P-value
Age (years mean, sd) 66 (11.5) 68 (10.7) 64 (12.3) 65 (13.3) 66 (11.5) <0.0001
Male 97.3 97.9 96.6 100.0 97.7 0.0032
Female 2.7 2.1 3.4 0.0 2.3 0.0032
Married 65.3 67.3 58.3 70.6 70.2 <0.0001
Divorced 28.5 28.0 31.6 27.5 25.5 <0.0001
Never married 6.2 4.7 10.0 2.0 4.3 <0.0001
Unemployed 48.2 48.8 52.9 35.3 43.9 <0.0001
Retired 30.8 32.7 25.4 37.3 32.0 <0.0001
Employed 20.8 18.4 21.6 27.5 24.0 <0.0001
Service connected disability 38.3 38.3 36.3 45.1 36.4 0.0004
Cancer 5.0 5.2 7.4 2.0 2.1 <0.0001
Coronary heart disease 14.0 20.0 12.4 7.8 4.2 <0.0001
Congestive heart failure 8.1 10.0 9.4 7.8 2.7 <0.0001
Hypertension 25.8 29.3 33.9 23.5 8.8 <0.0001
Stroke 3.0 4.1 3.1 5.9 0.4 <0.0001
Baseline HbA1c ≥ 8.0% 33.9 29.9 42.9 32.5 29.7 <0.0001
Baseline HbA1c (mean ± sd) 7.6 (1.9) 7.4 (1.7) 8.1 (2.2) 7.6 (1.9) 7.6 (1.9) <0.0001
Insulin (mean ± std) 61.2 (26.8) 61.5 (26.4) 59.8 (26.2) 64.8 (28.3) 59.1 (28.3) 0.0043
OHA (mean ± std) 82.5 (22.2) 82.5 (21.7) 77.7 (23.9) 87.6 (19.7) 87.7 (20.5) <0.0001
Insulin & OHA (mean ± std) 71.8 (19.8) 72.5 (19.3) 70.0 (20.5) 74.4 (19.3) 69.4 (20.1) 0.0054
Insulin compliance 31.4 30.1 29.3 38.2 31.3 0.0074
OHA compliance 66.1 66.0 56.7 75.9 76.6 <0.0001
Insulin & OHA compliance 36.2 37.1 35.0 39.4 29.3 0.1793
No medication 18.6 17.4 19.2 20.6 19.3 0.0114
Bipolar disorder 1.9 2.2 2.5 3.9 0.4 <0.0001
Generalized anxiety disorder 2.2 3.2 1.9 3.9 0.2 <0.0001
Major depressive disorder 7.8 8.8 10.5 5.9 2.8 <0.0001
Post traumatic stress disorder 5.1 4.6 8.0 5.9 3.3 <0.0001
Psychotic disorder 2.4 1.6 4.9 2.0 1.0 <0.0001
Substance use disorder 14.5 14.8 21.4 7.8 6.2 <0.0001
Baseline SBP (mean ± sd) 146 (22) 146 (22) 148 (22) 147 (21) 146 (23) 0.0002
Baseline DBP (mean ± sd) 82 (33) 81 (40) 84 (27) 81 (25) 80 (13) <0.0001
Baseline SBP > 140 or DBP > 90 59.7 58.4 62.4 60.1 57.9 0.0044
Baseline LDL (mean ± sd) 116 (39) 113 (36) 124 (43) 114 (38) 112 (40) <0.0001
Baseline LDL > 99 63.6 61.8 69.7 61.7 58.0 <0.0001
3 Out of control at baseline 11.9 10.1 16.7 10.7 8.8 0.4459
2 Out of control at baseline 37.6 36.0 41.9 36.5 34.7 <0.0001
1 Out of control at baseline 37.7 40.4 32.9 36.8 39.7 <0.0001
0 Out of control at baseline 12.8 13.4 8.5 15.9 16.8 <0.0001

All values represent percentages unless otherwise is indicated. Abbreviations: NHW = non-Hispanic white, NHB = non-Hispanic black, SBP = systolic blood pressure (measured in mmHg), DBP = diastolic blood pressure (measured in mmHg), LDL = low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (measured in mg/dL).