Table 1. Sample characteristics by race/ethnicity.
| Variable | All (n = 11,203) | NHW (n = 5282) | NHB (n = 3051) | Hispanic/other (n = 1913) | Missing (n = 957) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years mean, sd) | 66 (11.5) | 68 (10.7) | 64 (12.3) | 65 (13.3) | 66 (11.5) | <0.0001 |
| Male | 97.3 | 97.9 | 96.6 | 100.0 | 97.7 | 0.0032 |
| Female | 2.7 | 2.1 | 3.4 | 0.0 | 2.3 | 0.0032 |
| Married | 65.3 | 67.3 | 58.3 | 70.6 | 70.2 | <0.0001 |
| Divorced | 28.5 | 28.0 | 31.6 | 27.5 | 25.5 | <0.0001 |
| Never married | 6.2 | 4.7 | 10.0 | 2.0 | 4.3 | <0.0001 |
| Unemployed | 48.2 | 48.8 | 52.9 | 35.3 | 43.9 | <0.0001 |
| Retired | 30.8 | 32.7 | 25.4 | 37.3 | 32.0 | <0.0001 |
| Employed | 20.8 | 18.4 | 21.6 | 27.5 | 24.0 | <0.0001 |
| Service connected disability | 38.3 | 38.3 | 36.3 | 45.1 | 36.4 | 0.0004 |
| Cancer | 5.0 | 5.2 | 7.4 | 2.0 | 2.1 | <0.0001 |
| Coronary heart disease | 14.0 | 20.0 | 12.4 | 7.8 | 4.2 | <0.0001 |
| Congestive heart failure | 8.1 | 10.0 | 9.4 | 7.8 | 2.7 | <0.0001 |
| Hypertension | 25.8 | 29.3 | 33.9 | 23.5 | 8.8 | <0.0001 |
| Stroke | 3.0 | 4.1 | 3.1 | 5.9 | 0.4 | <0.0001 |
| Baseline HbA1c ≥ 8.0% | 33.9 | 29.9 | 42.9 | 32.5 | 29.7 | <0.0001 |
| Baseline HbA1c (mean ± sd) | 7.6 (1.9) | 7.4 (1.7) | 8.1 (2.2) | 7.6 (1.9) | 7.6 (1.9) | <0.0001 |
| Insulin (mean ± std) | 61.2 (26.8) | 61.5 (26.4) | 59.8 (26.2) | 64.8 (28.3) | 59.1 (28.3) | 0.0043 |
| OHA (mean ± std) | 82.5 (22.2) | 82.5 (21.7) | 77.7 (23.9) | 87.6 (19.7) | 87.7 (20.5) | <0.0001 |
| Insulin & OHA (mean ± std) | 71.8 (19.8) | 72.5 (19.3) | 70.0 (20.5) | 74.4 (19.3) | 69.4 (20.1) | 0.0054 |
| Insulin compliance | 31.4 | 30.1 | 29.3 | 38.2 | 31.3 | 0.0074 |
| OHA compliance | 66.1 | 66.0 | 56.7 | 75.9 | 76.6 | <0.0001 |
| Insulin & OHA compliance | 36.2 | 37.1 | 35.0 | 39.4 | 29.3 | 0.1793 |
| No medication | 18.6 | 17.4 | 19.2 | 20.6 | 19.3 | 0.0114 |
| Bipolar disorder | 1.9 | 2.2 | 2.5 | 3.9 | 0.4 | <0.0001 |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | 2.2 | 3.2 | 1.9 | 3.9 | 0.2 | <0.0001 |
| Major depressive disorder | 7.8 | 8.8 | 10.5 | 5.9 | 2.8 | <0.0001 |
| Post traumatic stress disorder | 5.1 | 4.6 | 8.0 | 5.9 | 3.3 | <0.0001 |
| Psychotic disorder | 2.4 | 1.6 | 4.9 | 2.0 | 1.0 | <0.0001 |
| Substance use disorder | 14.5 | 14.8 | 21.4 | 7.8 | 6.2 | <0.0001 |
| Baseline SBP (mean ± sd) | 146 (22) | 146 (22) | 148 (22) | 147 (21) | 146 (23) | 0.0002 |
| Baseline DBP (mean ± sd) | 82 (33) | 81 (40) | 84 (27) | 81 (25) | 80 (13) | <0.0001 |
| Baseline SBP > 140 or DBP > 90 | 59.7 | 58.4 | 62.4 | 60.1 | 57.9 | 0.0044 |
| Baseline LDL (mean ± sd) | 116 (39) | 113 (36) | 124 (43) | 114 (38) | 112 (40) | <0.0001 |
| Baseline LDL > 99 | 63.6 | 61.8 | 69.7 | 61.7 | 58.0 | <0.0001 |
| 3 Out of control at baseline | 11.9 | 10.1 | 16.7 | 10.7 | 8.8 | 0.4459 |
| 2 Out of control at baseline | 37.6 | 36.0 | 41.9 | 36.5 | 34.7 | <0.0001 |
| 1 Out of control at baseline | 37.7 | 40.4 | 32.9 | 36.8 | 39.7 | <0.0001 |
| 0 Out of control at baseline | 12.8 | 13.4 | 8.5 | 15.9 | 16.8 | <0.0001 |
All values represent percentages unless otherwise is indicated. Abbreviations: NHW = non-Hispanic white, NHB = non-Hispanic black, SBP = systolic blood pressure (measured in mmHg), DBP = diastolic blood pressure (measured in mmHg), LDL = low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (measured in mg/dL).