Table 1.
Comparison of clinical characteristics related to early and late onset post-ischemic stroke seizures
| Clinical characteristics | Total | Early onset | Late onset | p-value | OR (95 % CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (N = 124) | (N = 48) | (N = 76) | ||||
| Age (years) | Median | 68.0 | 68.0 | 69.0 | 0.670 | |
| Interquartile range | 57.0–75.0 | 55.5–75.8 | 59.0–74.5 | |||
| Gender | Male | 69 | 29 (60.4 %) | 40 (52.6 %) | ||
| Female | 55 | 19 (39.6 %) | 36 (47.4 %) | 0.395 | 1.374 (0.660–2.859) | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 44 | 20 (41.7 %) | 24 (31.6 %) | 0.253 | 0.646 (0.305–1.369) | |
| Hypertension | 89 | 33 (68.8 %) | 56 (73.7 %) | 0.552 | 1.273 (0.574–2.820) | |
| Atrial fibrillation | 36 | 8 (16.7 %) | 28 (36.8 %) | 0.016* | 2.917 (1.197–7.108) | |
| TOAST classification | LAA | 69 | 26 (54.2 %) | 43 (56.6 %) | ||
| CE | 26 | 4 (10.4 %) | 22 (28.9 %) | |||
| SVO | 16 | 9 (18.8 %) | 7 (9.2 %) | |||
| Other determined | 2 | 1 (2.1 %) | 1 (1.3 %) | |||
| Undetermined | 10 | 7 (14.6 %) | 3 (3.9 %) | |||
| Lesion size | Small | 10 | 7 (14.6 %) | 3 (3.9 %) | ||
| Moderate | 31 | 17 (35.4 %) | 14 (18.4 %) | |||
| Large | 83 | 24 (50.0 %) | 59 (77.6 %) | 0.001** | ||
| Cortical involvement | 106 | 35 (72.9 %) | 71 (93.4 %) | 0.002** | 5.274 (1.742–15.972) | |
| Hemorrhagic transformation | 28 | 8 (16.7 %) | 20 (26.3 %) | 0.211 | 1.786 (0.715–4.458) | |
| Vascular territory | ACA | 9 | 3 (6.3 %) | 6 (7.9 %) | ||
| MCA | 76 | 23 (47.9 %) | 53 (69.7 %) | |||
| ICA | 13 | 6 (12.5 %) | 7 (9.2 %) | |||
| Lacune | 10 | 7 (14.6 %) | 3 (3.9 %) | |||
| Watershed | 6 | 4 (8.3 %) | 2 (2.6 %) | |||
| PCA | 7 | 3 (6.3 %) | 4 (5.3 %) | |||
| Venous | 2 | 1 (2.1 %) | 1 (1.3 %) | |||
| Brainstem | 1 | 1 (2.1 %) | 0 | |||
| Functional disability | Mild | 28 | 16 (33.3 %) | 12 (15.8 %) | ||
| Moderate | 35 | 6 (12.5 %) | 29 (38.2 %) | |||
| Severe | 61 | 26 (54.2 %) | 35 (46.1 %) | 0.527 | ||
| Status epilepticus | 33 | 13 (27.1 %) | 20 (26.3 %) | 0.925 | 0.962 (0.425–2.175) | |
| EEG findings | Normal | 20 | 9 (18.8 %) | 11 (14.5 %) | ||
| (n = 116) | Generalized slow | 17 | 9 (18.8 %) | 8 (10.5 %) | ||
| Regional slow | 59 | 19 (39.6 %) | 40 (52.6 %) | |||
| Epileptiform discharge | 20 | 8 (16.7 %) | 12 (15.8 %) | 0.136a | 1.825 (0.824–4.040) | |
| Clinical seizure type | Generalized | 68 | 23 (47.9 %) | 45 (59.2 %) | ||
| Partial | 56 | 25 (52.1 %) | 31 (40.8 %) | 0.218 | 0.634 (0.306–1.312) | |
| Seizure recurrence | 54 | 17 (35.4 %) | 37 (48.7 %) | 0.147 | 1.730 (0.823–3.637) | |
OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, TOAST Trials of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment, LAA Large artery atherosclerosis, CE Cardioembolism, SVO Small vessel occlusion, ACA anterior cerebral artery, MCA middle cerebral artery, ICA internal cerebral artery, PCA posterior cerebral artery, EEG electroencephalography
Statistical significance with p < 0.05* and p < 0.01**
a Variables were substituted whether EEG findings were correlated with the relevant stroke lesion to evaluate the p-value