Table 1.
Biomimetic approaches for biomineralization/osseointegration and key information gathered
| Biomimetic Substrate/Approaches for biomineralization and osseointegration/osteogenesis | Key information | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Synthetic hydroxyapatite (HA) and its composites | ▪ Electrostatic interaction of the HAP surface with the calcium and the phosphate ions | [105] |
| 2 | Bioglass and Bioglass-calcium phosphate composites | ▪ Carbonate apatite layer formation ▪ Good osteointegration both in vitro and in vivo |
[124–126] |
| 3 | U HMWPE, Biodegradable starch/ethylene vinyl alcohol blend, PU foams |
▪ Formation of continuous and adherent Ca-P ▪ layer on the surface ▪ Needle-like crystals formed cauliflower like morphology |
[110] |
| 4 | Surface functionalization by phosphorylation ▪ Bamboo [117] ▪ Chitosan [118] ▪ Poly (HEMA-co-MMA) [119] ▪ PVA [121] ▪ Regenerated Cellulose [122] |
▪ increased number of nuclear sites and apatite formation ▪ Nucleation and porous HAP coating ▪ Direct bone bonding and elicited new bone formation ▪ promotes in vitro biomineralization and in vitro cell adhesion ▪ Increased surface roughness and leads to better binding of Calcium ions |
[117] [118] [119] [121] [122] |
| 5 | ▪ Surface modification Polyethersulphone ▪ PMMA (ATP coupling) Electrospun PCL - gelatin |
▪ Promotes nucleation and growth of calcium phosphate ▪ Uniform apatite layer formation upto 20 μm thickness |
[111, 112] [120] [140, 141] |
| 6 | RGD and BMP integrated polymer matrices | ▪ Structural integrity modulation and aligned biomineralization ▪ Enhance bone specific marker protein expression and thereby mineralization |
[65] [127] |
| 6 | Biodegradable Polymer Composites ▪ Viscose cellulose sponge ▪ Starch/ethylene vinyl alcohol blend (SEVA-C) ▪ Gelatin-poly(acrylic acid) matrix ▪ poly(lactide-co-glycolide) |
▪ Compatible for tissue in-growth ▪ Attractive as scaffold for bone tissue engineering ▪ Promotes cell adhesion ▪ Feasibility of orientation by stretching |
[143–146] |
| 7 | ▪ Titanium metal ▪ Polished and gritted Titanium (Ti6Al4V) |
▪ NaOH and heat treatment generates amorphous sodium titanate on the metal and induces bonelike apatite layer | [114, 115] |
| 8 | Stem Cell based approaches | ▪ In vivo osteogenesis ▪ Promising source for bone tissue engineering |
[132–136] [142] |