Table 2.
Categorical substance use, other psychopathology and medical conditions/events for respondents (N = 839) reporting past 12-month use of cocaine only (n = 144), opioids only (n = 622) or both (n = 73): percentages within each grouping listed
| Variables | Cocaine Only | Opioid Only | Co-use | Overall | Chi-sq p-val |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Percent with heavy drinking and use of cigarettes at least once in the past 12 months | |||||
| ≥ 1 heavy drinking day | 80% a | 59% b | 85% a | 65.4% | <.001 |
| Past-year cigarette use | 72.6% b | 58.2% c | 84.8% a | 63.2% | <.001 |
| Percent using categories of drugs at least once in the past 12 months | |||||
| Prescription opioids | 0% | 99.4% | 93.4% | 83.1% | .133 |
| Heroin | 0% | 0.8% | 8.1% | 1.4% | .088 |
| Cocaine | 100% | 0% | 100% | 25.9% | n/a |
| Sedatives | 15% b | 22.5% b | 44.7% a | 23.6% | .002 |
| Tranquilizers | 12.6% b | 21.1% b | 51% a | 22.8% | <.001 |
| Amphetamines | 11.4% b | 7.7% b | 46.8% a | 12.2% | <.001 |
| Cannabis | 75.8% a | 34.9% b | 86.8% a | 46.6% | <.001 |
| Hallucinogens | 29.2% b | 5.9% c | 51.1% a | 14.2% | <.001 |
| Inhalants | 10.2% a | 1.4% b | 12.9% a | 3.9% | .001 |
| Substance use disorders—current (past 12 months) unless noted (met criteria for abuse or dependence) | |||||
| Opioid 1 | 0% | 19% | 31.1% | 17.2% | .091 |
| Opioid: lifetime | 5.1% b | 31% a | 46.4% a | 28.4 | <.001 |
| Cocaine 2 | 47% | 0% | 48.6% | 12.3% | .809 |
| Cocaine: lifetime | 59.8% a | 13.6% b | 60.6% a | 25.6% | <.001 |
| Alcohol | 67.4% a | 40.9% b | 76.1% a | 48.6% | <.001 |
| Nicotine dependence | 45.5% b | 43.2% b | 65.1% a | 45.8% | .010 |
| Other substance | 44.2% a | 20.4% b | 55.4% a | 27.7% | <.001 |
| Other drug-related variables | |||||
| Needle-based route of cocaine administration | 3.6% | –– | 17% | 8.7% | .015 |
| Lifetime drug help-seeking | 29.8% a | 14% b | 32.4% a | 18.4% | <.001 |
| Other psychopathology | |||||
| Current major depression | 24.2% | 16.9% | 26.1% | 19% | .136 |
| Current any anxiety disorder | 22.1% | 24.4% | 29.1% | 24.8% | .706 |
| Lifetime anxiety disorder due to stress | 16.4% | 11.5% | 18.5% | 13% | .346 |
| Current mania | 10.8% | 6.8% | 6.3% | 7.4% | .526 |
| Lifetime conduct or antisocial personality disorder | 34.1% a | 18.3% b | 32.7% | 22.2% | .002 |
| Lifetime any other personality disorder | 34.5% | 29.6% | 28.6% | 30.2% | .629 |
| Medical conditions/events occurring at least once within the past 12 months | |||||
| Arthritis | 14.7% | 22.4% | 12.3% | 20.2% | .070 |
| Liver condition | 5.7% | 4.1% | 7.9% | 4.7% | .615 |
| Cardiac condition | 29.8% | 28.8% | 26.2% | 28.7% | .900 |
| Serious injury | 26.1% b | 32.8% | 39.1% a | 32.4% | .250 |
| Emergency room visit | 34.7% | 32.5% | 41.7% | 33.8% | .470 |
| Overnight hospital stay | 28.7% a | 14.4% b | 4.8% c | 15.7% | <.001 |
Groups with differing superscript letters differed at p ≤.01
1
comparison between opioid-only and co-use group
2
comparison between cocaine and co-use group