Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies in the meta-analysis
| Study source | Study name | Sex | Insomnia measurement | DSM-IV-TR insomnia criteria satisfied | Depression measurement | Follow-up time (months) | Number of follow-up assessments | Baseline age (years) | No of participants | Covariates |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ford and Kamerow, 1989, USA [9] | National Institute of Mental Health Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) study | M/F | Diagnostic Interview Schedule | sd§, dur† and day | Diagnostic Interview Schedule | 12 | 1 | Range 18+; mean 45.79 |
7,954 | Age, sex, socioeconomic status, race, and marital status |
| Brabbins et al., 1993, UK [33] | None | M/F | Geriatric Mental State | sd and dur | Geriatric Mental State | 36 | 1 | Range 65+; mean 69.76 | 701 | No covariate adjustment |
| Breslau et al., 1996, USA [34] | None | M/F | NIHM Diagnostic Interview Schedule | sd and dur | NIHM Diagnostic Interview Schedule | 42 | 1 | Range 21–30; mean 26.14 | 979 | Sex, hypersomnia, and number of other depressive symptoms |
| Chang et al. 1997 USA [18] | Johns Hopkins Precursors Study | M | Habit Survey Questionnaire | sd | Checklists medical reports and self-reports | 408 | 7 | Range NA; mean 26.3 | 941 | Age at graduation, class year, parental history of clinical depression, coffee consumption, and measures of temperament |
| Weissman et al. 1997 USA [10] | National Institute of Mental Health Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study (ECA) | M/F | Questionnaires | sd and dur | Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) | 12 | 1 | Range 18+; mean 48.23 | 7,113 | Age, sex, and site |
| Foley et al. 1999 USA [35] | None | M/F | Interview | sd | CES-D | 36 | 3 | Range 65+; mean 80.09 | 6,899 | No covariate adjustment |
| Johnson et al. 2000 USA [36] | None | M/F | 1 item from the CBCL | sd and dur | CBCL and TRF | 60 | 1 | Range NA; mean 6 | 717 | Sex, birth weight, and mother’s history of MDD using generalized estimation equations |
| Mallon et al. 2000 Sweden [37] | County of Dalarna registry | M/F | Uppsala Sleep Inventory | sd | HADS | 144 | 1 | Range 45–65; mean 55 | 1,244 | Smoking, depression, and insomnia |
| Roberts et al. 2000 USA [17] | Alameda Country study | M/F | 2 Items from the DSM-12D | sd | 12 Items from the DSM-12D | 12 | 1 | Range 50+; mean 64.9 | 2,370 | Age, sex, marital status, social isolation, education, financial problems, problems with daily activities, and heave drinking |
| Roberts et al. 2002 USA [38] | None | M/F | Questionnaires | sd, dur and day | Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children | 12 | 1 | Range 11–17; mean 15 | 3,136 | Age, values of the functioning measures at baseline, sex, parental education, and insomnia level |
| Hein et al. 2003 Germany [39] | None | M/F | Composite International Diagnostic Interview | sd | Composite International Diagnostic Interview | 60 | 1 | Range 55+; mean 60 | 664 | No covariate adjustment |
| Perlis et al. 2006 USA [40] | None | M/F | HAMD (sleep items) | sd | SCID and HAMD | 12 | 1 | Range 60+; mean 72 | 147 | No covariate adjustment |
| Morphy et al. 2007 UK [41] | None | M/F | Jenkins Sleep Scale | sd | HADS | 12 | 1 | Range 18+; mean 50 | 1,589 | Age, sex, social class, anxiety (except when anxiety is the problem of interest), depression (except when depression is the problem of interest), and pain areas (except when widespread pain is the problem of interest) |
| Buysse et al. 2008 Switzerland [20] | The Zurich Study | M/F | SPIKE and visual analogue scales | sd, dur and day | SPIKE | 240 | 6 | Range NA; mean 19.5 | 278 | Concurrent MDE at the time of insomnia diagnosis |
| Cho et al. 2008 USA [19] | Depression Substudy | M/F | PSQI | sd, dur and day | SCID and BDI | 24 | 3 | Range 60+; mean 69 | 329 | Group status, depression symptoms, medical disease, age, sex, marital status, and education |
| Jansson-Fröjmark and Lindblom.2008 Sweden [42] | None | M/F | Basic Nordic Sleep Questionnaires and Uppsala Sleep Inventory | sd, dur and day | HADS | 12 | 1 | Range 20–60; mean 41.3 | 1,489 | Age, sex |
| Roane and Taylor. 2008 USA [23] | National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) | M/F | In-home interview | sd and dur | In-home interview | 78 | 1 | Range 12–18; mean 16 | 3,582 | Sex |
| Kim et al. 2009 Korea [21] | Kwangju community study | M/F | Interview | sd, dur and day | Geriatric Mental State | 24 | 1 | Range 65+; mean 72.2 | 792 | Age, sex, education, housing, past occupation, current employment, living area, life events, social deficit, physical activity, GMS organicity, GMS anxiety, and daily drinking. |
| Szklo-Coxe et al. 2010 USA [22] | Wisconsin Sleep Cohort Study | M/F | PSG + interview and self-reported symptoms | sd | Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale | 44 | 1 | Range 33–71; mean 53.6 | 555 | Age, sex, chronic health conditions, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, caffeine consumption, use of hypnotic agents, and BMI |
| Yokoyama et al. 2010 Japan [43] | Nihon University Japanese Longitudinal Study of Aging: (NUJLSOA) | M/F | Questionnaire | 11-item short form of the CES-D | 36 | 1 | Range 69+; mean 73.1 | 3,065 | Age, sex, educational history, place of residence, sleep duration, excessive daytime sleepiness, discomfort feeling in the legs, subjective sleep sufficiency, psychological stress, self-rated health, and activities of daily living | |
| Jaussent et al. 2011 France [45] | French Three-City Study | M/F | Questionnaire and clinical interview | sd | CES-D | 48 | 2 | Range 65+; mean ≥ 60 | 3,824 | Age, center, CES-D baseline, sex, education, living alone, coffee consumption, alcohol consumption, smoking, chronic disease, past major depression, disability, prescribed sleep medication intake, and homeopathic and non-prescription treatments for sleep |
| Almeida et al. 2011 Australia [44] | Health In Men Study (HIMS) | M | Questionnaire | sd | Medical records (based on ICD-10) | 72 | 1 | Range 70+; mean ≥ 60 | 5,127 | Age, education group, migrant status, living alone, low social support group, smoking group, BMI, diabetes, hypertension, arthritis, chronic respiratory diseases, coronary artery disease, stroke, and cancer |
| Marques et al. 2011 Portugal [46] | None | F | Interview | sd, dur and day | DSM-IV | 5 | 1 | Range 18–44; mean 29.8 | 382 | Negative affect, positive affect, and lifetime depression |
| Thomée et al. 2011 Sweden [47] | None | M/F | A single item adapted from the Karolinska Sleep Questionnaire | sd and dur | Two items from the Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders (Prime-MD) | 12 | 1 | Range 20–24; mean < 60 | 1,455 | Relationship status, educational level, and occupation |
| Okajima et al. 2012 Japan [48] | None | M/F | PSQI | sd, dur and day | CES-D | 24 | 1 | Range 20+; mean 57.4 | 1,577 | Age, sex, disease currently treated, habitual alcohol ingestion, smoking habit, and living alone |
| Salo et al. 2012 Finland [49] | Finnish Public Sector Study | M/F | The 4-item Jenkins Sleep Problem Scale | sd | Health register and medical records | 42 | 1 | Range 19–70; mean 43.9 | 40,791 | Age, sex, socioeconomic position, night/shift work, health behaviors, baseline physical health, use of pain killers, psychological distress, and anxiety |
| Skapinakis et al. 2013 UK [53] | UK National Psychiatric Morbidity survey | M/F | The Revised Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS-R) | sd and dur | The Revised Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS-R) | 18 | 1 | Range 16–74; mean 44.75 | 2,406 | Age, sex, marital status, educational qualifications,occupational class, employment status, and other psychological symptoms |
| Gehrman et al. 2013 USA [51] | Millennium Cohort Study (MCS) | M/F | 2 items from PHQ and PCL-C, and questionnaires | sd and dur | PHQ-9 | 84 | 2 | Range NA; mean 33.1 | 8,902 | Sleep duration, birth year, sex, race/ethnicity, educational level, and marital status |
| Suh et al. 2013 Korea [54] | Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES) | M/F | Questionnaire | sd and dur | BDI | 72 | 3 | Range 43–73; mean 52.3 | 1,089 | Age, sex, education level, employment status, marital status, physical health, smoking status, heavy drinking, and time interactions with each covariate |
| Paudel et al. 2013 USA [52] | Prospective Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study | M | PSQI | sd, dur and day | Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) | 40.8 | 1 | Range 67+; mean 75.9 | 2,352 | Age, clinic site, baseline GDS score, health status, education, use of benzodiazepines, alcohol consumption, cognitive function, walks for exercise, impairments in activities of daily living and certain medical conditions |
| Campbell et al. 2013 UK [50] | North Staffordshire Osteoarthritis Project (NorStOP) | M/F | Jenkins Sleep Questionnaire | sd and dur | HADS | 72 | 2 | Range 50+; mean ≥ 60 | 2,373 | Age, sex, marital status, employment status, alcohol intake, smoking status, and BMI |
| Jackson et al. 2014 Australia [55] | Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health, (ALSWH) | F | Questionnaire | None (sleeping difficulties in the last 12 months) | Questionnaire | 108 | 3 | Range 22–27; mean < 60 | 5,702 | Education level, body weight dissatisfaction, history of abuse, and binge drinking in 2000 |
| Sivertsen et al. 2014 Norway [56] | Nord-Trøndelag health study HUNT Study (HUNT2 and HUNT3) | M/F | Questionnaire | sd, dur and day | HADS | 132 | 1 | Range 19–67; mean 45.3 (HUNT2) Range 20–89; mean 56.1 (HUNT3) | 44,270 | Age, sex, education, angina, arthrosis, asthma, ankylosing spondylitis, cancer, diabetes, fibromyalgia, headache, hypertension, myocardial infarction, obesity, osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, stroke and whiplash at baseline. |
| Dørheim et al. 2014 Norway [32] | Akershus Birth Cohort | F | BIS | sd, dur and day | EPDS | 3.5 | 2 | Range 17.4–47.5; mean 31.5 | 2,088 | No covariate adjustment |
Abbreviations: NA not available, F female, M male, NIHM National Institute of Mental Health, CES-D Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression, CBCL Child Behavior Checklist, EPDS Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, GMS Geriatric Mental State diagnostic schedule, TRF Teacher Report Form, HADS Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, DSM-12D 12-item scale for DSM depression, HAMD Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, SCID Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders, SPIKE Structured Psychopathological Interview and Rating of Social Consequences of Psychic Disturbances for Epidemiology, PSQI Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, BDI Beck Depression Inventory, BIS The Bergen Insomnia Scale, PSG polysomnographic assessment, day daytime consequences criterion
§sd, sleep difficulties criterion
†dur, duration criterion