Table 3.

Metabolites previously studied

First author, Year Metabolite source	Main findings
	Metabolomics studies
Alonso, 201514 Human serum	Higher incident AF risk associated with higher concentrations of glycolithocholate sulfate and glycocholenate sulfate
De Souza, 20102 Canine atrial tissue	After 2 weeks of ventricular-tachypacing, ADP+ATP, alanine, betaine, glucose, glutamate, NAD+NADH, and taurine levels were increased and α-ketoisovalerate level was decreased
Mayer, 20081 Human atrial tissue	Higher concentrations of β-hydroxybuterate and glycine in the AF group compared to the sinus rhythm group
	Non-metabolomics studies
Tamariz, 20115 Human serum	Higher risk of AF associated with higher uric acid concentration
Neuman, 20079 Human plasma	Increased oxidation of glutathione and derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites in the AF group compared to control
Ramlawai, 200710 Human atrial tissue, serum	Tissue: Higher peroxide level in the AF group compared to control Serum: Higher peroxide level in the AF group at 6 hours after surgery but not at post-operative day 4
Mihm, 20018 Human atrial tissue	MM-CK activity was reduced and 3-nitrotyrosine concentration was increased in the AF group compared to control
Ausma, 20003 Goat atrial tissue	Phosphocreatine level dropped during the first 8 weeks of AF induction and then returned to normal at 16 weeks; levels of creatine, ATP, ADP, AMP, GDP, GTP, and NAD did not change significantly.
Uno, 19864 Canine plasma	cGMP concentration increased significantly with AF induction; cAMP concentration did not change

ADP, adenosine diphosphate; AF, atrial fibrillation; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; cAMP, cyclic (c) adenosine monophosphate (AMP); cGMP, cyclic (c) guanosine monophosphate (GMP); GDP, guanosine diphosphate; GTP, guanosine triphosphate; NADH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) + hydrogen (H); MM-CK, myofibrillar creatine kinase