Table 4.
Prevalence of Periodontal Disease among Pregnant and Nonpregnant Women of Reproductive Age by Selected Characteristics – United States, 1999–2004
| Selected characteristics | Pregnant women % (P-value)* | s.e | Nonpregnant women % (P-value)* | s.e | P-value† |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | N=772 | N=3457 | |||
| 3.1 | 0.8 | 4.2 | 0.5 | 0.177 | |
| Age (years) | |||||
| 15–24 | 1.9 (0.39) | 0.8 | 1.7 (<0.001)‡ | 0.61 | 0.838 |
| 25–34 | 2.8 (0.477) | 0.4 | 2.9 (<0.001)‡ | 0.5 | 0.859 |
| 35–44 | 6.7 (ref) | 5.4 | 7.4 (ref) | 1.0 | 0.902 |
| Race/Ethnicity¶ | |||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 2.0 (ref) | 1.3 | 2.0 (ref) | 0.4 | 0.966 |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 2.2 (0.902) | 0.9 | 10.9 (<0.001)‡ | 1.6 | <0.001§ |
| Mexican American | 9.3 (0.003)‡ | 1.8 | 7.6 (<0.001)‡ | 1.3 | 0.457 |
| Education | |||||
| <High School | 5.7 (0.112) | 1.7 | 7.1 (<0.001)‡ | 1.1 | 0.439 |
| High School Diploma | 2.7 (0.762) | 1.3 | 6.0 (0.002)‡ | 1.2 | 0.067 |
| >High School | 2.1 (ref) | 1.3 | 2.1 (ref) | 0.4 | 0.961 |
| Poverty status• | |||||
| <100% of the Federal Poverty Level (FPL) | 1.9 (0.626) | 1.0 | 6.3 (0.006) | 1.5 | 0.012 |
| 100%–199% of the FPL | 5.5 (0.245) | 1.6 | 7.5 (<0.001)‡ | 1.3 | 0.329 |
| ≥200% of the FPL | 2.9 (ref) | 1.5 | 2.1 (ref) | 0.4 | 0.585 |
Source: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2004. s.e.=standard error. ref=reference group.
Note: Periodontal disease is defined as having at least one periodontal site with 3 mm or more of loss of attachment and 4 mm or more of pocket depth.
P-values in parenthesis correspond to comparisons against the reference group within each sociodemographic characteristic and pregnancy status.
P-values correspond to comparisons between pregnant and nonpregnant women for each level of the sociodemographic characteristic.
P-value that remains statistically significant after Bonferroni adjustment. A total of 16 pairwise tests comparing levels of each sociodemographic characteristic require a Bonferroni corrected cut-off of 0.05/16, P<0.003125. Therefore, values exceeding this cut-off but lower than P<0.05 should be interpreted with caution because it may be an effect of chance. Values in a sociodemographic subgroup (e.g., age groups) among either pregnant or nonpregnant women with a (‡) mean they are significantly different from the reference category (e.g., If the percentage of pregnant women aged 15 to 24 years has a (‡), it means that the percentage is significantly different from the percentage of pregnant women aged 35 to 44 years – the reference group).
All race/ethnicity categories are included in the total but not presented as separate race/ethnicity strata.
P-value that remains statistically significant after the Bonferroni adjustment. A total of 13 pairwise tests between pregnant and nonpregnant women require a Bonferroni corrected cut-off of 0.05/13, P<0.00385. Therefore, values exceeding this cut-off but lower than P<0.05 should be interpreted with caution because it may be an effect of chance.
Poverty status is defined by the ratio of family income to the federal poverty level (FPL).