Table 1.

Abbreviations for anatomical landmarks and reference planes used in the analysis of lateral cephalograms

Landmark	Description	Landmark	Description
S	Sella turcica	C2	Inferior, anterior point of cervical vertebra 2
N	Nasion	C3	Inferior, anterior point of cervical vertebra 3
A	Subspinale	C4	Inferior, anterior point of cervical vertebra 4
B	Supramentale	C5	Inferior, anterior point of cervical vertebra 5
ANS	Anterior nasal spine	ST N	Soft tissue nasion
PNS	Posterior nasal spine	ST A	Soft tissue A point
Ba	Basion	ST B	Soft tissue B point
Or	Orbitale	ST Pg	Soft tissue pogonion
Gn	Gnathion (anatomical)	ST G	Soft tissue gnathion
Go	Gonion	ST M	Soft tissue menton
Me	Menton	ULP	Upper lip point
Po	Porion	LLP	Lower lip point
Pg	Pogonion	MR	Mid ramus
Gl	Glabella (soft tissue)	Sig	Sigmoid notch
Ar	Articulare	PT	Pterygopalatine point
Rg	Retrognathion	Bno	Bridge of nose
H	Anterior, superior point of the hyoid	Tno	Tip of nose
Co	Condylion	Sub	Subnasale
U6O	Maxillary 1st permanent molar occlusal	OP	Occlusal plane
U6D	Maxillary 1st permanent molar distal	SPS	Soft palate superior point
U6M	Maxillary 1st permanent molar mesial	SPI	Soft palate inferior point
L6O	Mandibular 1st permanent molar occlusal	AA A	Anterior pharynx at A
L6D	Mandibular 1st permanent molar distal	PA A	Posterior pharynx at A
L6M	Mandibular 1st permanent molar mesial	AA Mx1	Anterior pharynx at Mx1
L1T	Lower central incisor incisal tip	PA Mx1	Posterior pharynx at Mx1
L1R	Lower central incisor root tip	AA B	Anterior pharynx at B
L1L	Lower central incisor lingual gingival border	PA B	Posterior pharynx space at B
L1G	Lower central incisor labial gingival border	AA P	Anterior pharynx at Pg
U1T	Upper central incisor incisal tip	PA B	Posterior pharynx at Pg
U1R	Upper central incisor root tip	THR	Throat point
U1L	Upper central incisor lingual gingival border	TVL	McNamara true vertical line
U1G	Upper central incisor labial gingival	FH	Frankfort horizontal line