Table 2. Analytical statistics for the association between dyslexia and prenatal and perinatal risk factors.
| Variables | Non-dyslexic n (%) | Dyslexic n (%) | Chi-square | P value | adjusted OR (95% CI) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| maternal occupation | 72.79 | <0.001 | ||||
| professional technical staff | 3465 (10.86) | 63 (5.71) | ||||
| principal of institution and government | 977 (3.06) | 13 (1.18) | ||||
| office staff | 1904 (5.97) | 35 (3.17) | ||||
| business staff | 5171 (16.21) | 171 (15.5) | ||||
| service staff | 5987 (18.77) | 233 (21.12) | ||||
| farmer, forestry, fisher | 2203 (6.91) | 95 (8.61) | ||||
| factory worker | 3387 (10.62) | 136 (12.33) | ||||
| classification of inconvenience | 8809 (27.61) | 357 (32.37) | ||||
| maternal education | 156.65 | <0.001 | ||||
| junior high school or below | 12498 (38.78) | 634 (55.71) | ||||
| senior high school or equivalency | 13573 (42.12) | 405 (35.59) | ||||
| junior college | 4123 (12.79) | 76 (6.68) | ||||
| college diploma or above | 2032 (6.31) | 23 (2.02) | ||||
| family income (RMB/month/person) | 23.87 | <0.001 | ||||
| ≥3000 | 13732 (48.63) | 426 (41.72) | ||||
| 2000–2999 | 8722 (30.89) | 332 (32.52) | ||||
| 1000–1999 | 4680 (16.57) | 214 (20.96) | ||||
| <1000 | 1104 (3.91) | 49 (4.8) | ||||
| Family history of neuropsychiatric diseases* | 270 (0.8) | 25 (2.3) | 24.731 | <0.001 | 2.15 (1.30–3.55) | 0.003 |
| prenatal factors | ||||||
| infectious diseases | 1852 (5.83) | 104 (9.17) | 21.914 | <0.001 | 1.59 (1.25–2.03)a | <0.001 |
| anti-infectious medication | 437 (1.39) | 24 (2.18) | 4.754 | 0.029 | 1.03 (0.93–1.14)a | 0.548 |
| epilepsy | 165 (0.52) | 7 (0.62) | 0.203 | 0.652 | 0.96 (0.62–1.48)b | 0.845 |
| antiepileptic drugs | 103 (0.32) | 4 (0.36) | 0.037 | 0.848 | 1.26 (0.30–5.36)b | 0.755 |
| hypertension | 132 (0.42) | 3 (0.26) | 0.609 | 0.435 | 0.66 (0.34–1.28)c | 0.220 |
| anti-hypertension medication | 88 (0.28) | 3 (0.27) | 0.003 | 0.956 | 1.11 (0.69–1.8)c | 0.672 |
| diabetes | 23 (0.07) | 1 (0.09) | 0.569 | 1.91 (0.25–14.63) | 0.534 | |
| antipsychotics | 108 (0.34) | 10 (0.91) | 9.392 | 0.002 | 2.06 (0.89–4.76) | 0.089 |
| anemia | 863 (2.72) | 32 (2.82) | 0.047 | 0.828 | 1.01 (0.95~1.07) | 0.790 |
| smoking | 44 (0.20) | 4 (0.53) | 3.840 | 0.050 | 0.42 (0.13–1.38) | 0.151 |
| gestational weeks | 13.530 | <0.001 | ||||
| full-term (37–42) (ref.) | 27110 (88.28) | 906 (84.67) | 1 | |||
| preterm (<37) | 2051 (6.68) | 89 (8.32) | 1.30 (1.01–1.66) | 0.040 | ||
| post-term (>42) | 1547 (5.04) | 75 (7.01) | 1.31 (0.99–1.74) | 0.055 | ||
| perinatal factors | ||||||
| difficult vaginal delivery | 532 (1.75) | 33 (3.12) | 10.769 | 0.001 | 1.58 (1.03–2.42)d | 0.036 |
| neonatal asphyxia | 436 (1.42) | 40 (3.76) | 38.203 | <0.001 | 2.38 (1.61–3.52)d | <0.001 |
| birth injury | 143 (0.46) | 5 (0.47) | 0.001 | 0.983 | 0.88 (0.49–1.56) | 0.662 |
| neonatal aspiration pneumonia | 188 (0.61) | 5 (0.47) | 0.343 | 0.558 | 0.81 (0.56–1.19) | 0.293 |
| neonatal jaundice | 1058 (3.44) | 41 (3.85) | 0.519 | 0.471 | 1.09 (0.99–1.19) | 0.056 |
| neonatal infectious diseases | 232 (0.75) | 4 (0.38) | 2.005 | 0.157 | 0.68 (0.46–1.01) | 0.052 |
Note: *family history of neuropsychiatric diseases include epilepsy, mental retardation, ADHD, schizophrenia, depression, Parkinson’s disease, ASD, chorea, Tourette syndrome.
aThe maternal infectious disease and maternal infectious medicine were mutually adjusted.
bThe maternal epilepsy and antiepileptic drugs were mutually adjusted.
cThe maternal hypertension and anti-hypertension medication were mutually adjusted.
dThe difficult vaginal delivery and neonatal asphyxia were mutually adjusted. All the prenatal and perinatal factors were adjusted for maternal education, maternal occupation, and family income.