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. 2016 Nov 7;6:36668. doi: 10.1038/srep36668

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Copyright © 2016, The Author(s)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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A two-dimensional cellular automaton version of the model is used in the analysis. The slider-blocks are interconnected by nonlinear Kelvin-Voigt viscoelastic elements with parameters K and η. The blocks are placed on a surface with a simple static friction F_f. The blocks are also connected to the top plate, which is driven at constant velocity V_p, with similar Kelvin-Voigt viscoelastic elements with the corresponding parameters K_L and η_L.