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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Nov 7.
Published in final edited form as: AIDS. 2014 Nov 28;28(18):2729–2738. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000000473

Table 3.

Predictors of death and loss to follow-up among adolescents and youth enrolled in care and those started on antiretroviral treatment at 109 healthcare facilities in Kenya (pre-antiretroviral treatment, N = 22 832; antiretroviral treatment, N = 8016).

Pre-ART
ART
Death
LTF
Death
LTF
Adjusted SHR 95% CI Adjusted SHR 95% CI Adjusted HR 95% CI Adjusted HR 95% CI
Age category
 10–14 0.7 0.5–1.0 0.4 0.4–0.5 1.1 0.8–1.6 0.6 0.5–0.6
 15–19 0.9 0.7–1.2 1.0 0.9–1.1 1.1 0.8–1.6 1.0 0.9–1.0
 20–24 1 Ref. 1 Ref. 1 Ref. 1 Ref.
 25–49 – – – – 0.8 0.4–1.5 0.6 0.5–0.7
Sex
 Male 1.4 1.1–1.7 1.01 1.0–1.1 1.0 0.8–1.4 0.9 0.8–1.0
 Female 1 Ref. 1 Ref. 1 Ref. 1 Ref.
Region
 Eastern province 1.0 0.6–1.8 1.0 0.8–1.3 0.8 0.6–1.2 1.7 1.1–2.5
 Nyanza province 0.9 0.6–1.4 1.4 1.1–1.6 0.7 0.4–1.0 1.9 1.3–2.8
 Central province 1 Ref 1 Ref 1 Ref. 1 Ref.
Point of entry into care
 VCT 1 Ref. 1 Ref. 1 Ref. 1 Ref.
 PMTCT 0.5 0.3–0.7 1.2 1.1–1.3 0.6 0.3–1.0 1.2 1.0–1.4
 TB/HIV 1.2 0.8–2.0 1.0 0.9–1.2 1.0 0.5–1.7 1.0 0.8–1.2
 Inpatient 1.8 1.1–2.8 1.2 1.0–1.4 1.1 0.6–2.1 1.0 0.8–1.3
 Outpatient 1.0 0.6–1.6 0.8 0.7–1.0 1.7 0.9–3.0 1.1 0.7–1.6
 Other 1.0 0.8–1.4 1.0 0.9–1.1 1.0 0.7–1.3 0.9 0.8–1.0
 Unknown 1.0 0.6–1.7 0.8 0.7–1.0 1.1 0.7–1.6 0.9 0.8–1.1
WHO stage at enrollment/ART initiation
 Stage I 1 Ref. 1 Ref. 1 Ref. 1 Ref.
 Stage II 2.1 1.5–2.9 0.9 0.8–1.0 1.9 1.0–3.5 0.9 0.8–1.1
 Stage III 3.7 2.8–4.9 0.8 0.7–0.8 3.1 1.7–5.6 1.0 0.9–1.2
 Stage IV 6.9 4.0–11.8 0.8 0.7–1.0 5.0 2.5–10.0 1.3 1.1–1.7
 Missing 2.7 1.8–4.0 1.5 1.4–1.7 1.9 1.0–3.5 1.1 0.9–1.2
CD4+ cell count at enrollment/ART initiation
 350+ 1 Ref. 1 Ref. 1 Ref. 1 Ref.
 200–350 0.8 0.6–1.3 0.5 0.4–0.6 2.4 1.1–5.4 1.1 1.0–1.3
 100–199 1.3 0.8–2.1 0.3 0.2–0.4 3.9 1.8–8.7 1.2 1.0–1.4
 <100 1.7 1.2–2.3 0.4 0.3–0.6 7.7 3.7–15.8 1.3 1.0–1.5
 Missing 1.8 1.4–2.5 1.5 0.3–1.7 3.3 1.4–7.6 1.2 1.0–1.4
Calendar year of enrollment/ART initiation
 2006 0.4 0.2–0.6 1.9 1.6–2.1 0.6 0.3–1.0 0.4 0.2–0.8
 2007 0.9 0.6–1.3 1.8 1.4–2.2 0.6 0.3–1.0 0.6 0.3–1.0
 2008 0.8 0.5–1.1 1.6 1.3–2.0 0.9 0.5–1.3 0.8 0.4–1.3
 2009 0.8 0.6–1.2 1.4 1.2–1.7 0.8 0.5–1.2 0.8 0.6–1.1
 2010 0.9 0.6–1.2 1.1 1.0–1.4 1.0 0.6–1.5 0.9 0.7–1.1
 2011 1 Ref. 1 Ref. 1 Ref. 1 Ref.
Setting
 Urban/semi-urban 1 Ref. 1 Ref. 1 Ref. 1 Ref.
 Rural 2.1 1.4–3.3 0.8 0.7–0.9 1.4 1.0–1.9 0.5 0.3–0.7
Facility type
 Primary 1.0 0.7–1.6 0.9 0.8–1.1 0.9 0.7–1.4 0.8 0.65–1.2
 Secondary/other 1 Ref. 1 Ref. 1 Ref. 1 Ref.

ART, antiretroviral treatment; CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; LTF, loss to follow-up; SHR, sub-distributional hazards ratio. Bold text indicates P <0.05.