Table 1.
Frequencies and percent of demographic and dwelling information among randomly selected lead poisoning cases in MA and MS (2000–2007) and OH (2004–2007)*.
| Demographic characteristics | Massachusetts (MA) | Ohio (OH) | Mississippi (MS) | All states | p-Value1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cohort year | |||||
| 2000 | 45 (17.6%) | – | 44 (18.6%) | 89 (14.0%) | 0.946 (all states, 2004–07) 0.750 (MS vs. OH, 2004–07) 0.015 (MS vs. MA, 2000–07) |
| 2001 | 42 (16.5%) | – | 52 (21.9%) | 94 (14.8%) | |
| 2002 | 35 (13.7%) | – | 50 (21.1%) | 85 (13.3%) | |
| 2003 | 26 (10.2%) | – | 30 (12.7%) | 56 (8.8%) | |
| 2004 | 31 (12.2%) | 44 (30.3%) | 23 (9.7%) | 98 (15.4%) | |
| 2005 | 27 (10.6%) | 36 (24.8%) | 14 (5.9%) | 77 (12.1%) | |
| 2006 | 26 (10.2%) | 35 (24.1%) | 14 (5.9%) | 75 (11.8%) | |
| 2007 | 23 (9.0%) | 30 (20.7%) | 10 (4.2%) | 63 (9.9%) | |
| Total | 255 (100.0%) | 145 (100.0%) | 237 (100.0%) | 637 (100.0%) | |
| Gender | |||||
| Male | 137 (53.7%) | 77 (53.5%) | 124 (53.0%) | 338 (53.4%) | 0.995 (all states) 1.000 (MS vs. OH) 0.928 (MS vs. MA) |
| Female | 118 (46.3%) | 67 (46.5%) | 110 (47.0%) | 295 (46.6%) | |
| Total | 255 (100.0%) | 144 (100.0%) | 234 (100.0%) | 633 (100.0%) | |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||
| Asian or Pacific Islander | 9 (3.5%) | 2 (1.4%) | 1 (0.4%) | 12 (1.9%) | <0.0001 (for all states and each pair of states) |
| Black | 34 (13.3%) | 32 (22.2%) | 164 (70.1%) | 230 (36.3%) | |
| Hispanic | 42 (16.5%) | 5 (3.5%) | 2 (0.9%) | 49 (7.7%) | |
| Other/multiracial | 16 (6.3%) | 11 (7.6%) | 3 (1.3%) | 30 (4.7%) | |
| White | 69 (27.1%) | 83 (57.6%) | 22 (9.4%) | 174 (27.5%) | |
| Unknown/not specified | 85 (33.3%) | 11 (7.6%) | 42 (17.9%) | 138 (21.8%) | |
| Total | 255 (100.0%) | 144 (100.0%) | 234 (100.0%) | 633 (100.0%) | |
| Age at confirmation | |||||
| <12 months | 16 (6.3%) | 12 (8.3%) | 7 (3.0%) | 35 (5.5%) | <0.0001 (all states) <0.0001 (MS vs. OH)0.0003 (MS vs. MA) |
| 12–23 months | 90 (35.3%) | 68 (46.9%) | 61 (25.7%) | 219 (34.4%) | |
| 24–35 months | 80 (31.4%) | 36 (24.8%) | 61 (25.7%) | 177 (27.8%) | |
| 36–71 months | 69 (27.1%) | 29 (20.0%) | 105 (44.3%) | 203 (31.9%) | |
| Unknown/not specified | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (1.3%) | 3 (0.5%) | |
| Total | 255 (100.0%) | 145 (100.0%) | 237 (100.0%) | 637 (100.0%) | |
| Building ownership | |||||
| Private, owner-occupied | 109 (42.7%) | 34 (23.6%) | 76 (32.5%) | 219 (34.6%) | <0.0001 (all states) 0.0002 (MS vs. OH) <0.0001 (MS vs. MA) |
| Rental, privately-owned | 91 (35.7%) | 85 (59.0%) | 97 (41.5%) | 273 (43.1%) | |
| Rental, publicly-owned2 | 8 (3.1%) | 6 (4.2%) | 10 (4.3%) | 24 (3.8%) | |
| Mix of owner-occupied and rental | 3 (1.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 25 (10.7%) | 28 (4.4%) | |
| Mix of rental types | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (0.7%) | 2 (0.9%) | 3 (0.5%) | |
| Unknown/not specified | 44 (17.3%) | 18 (12.5%) | 24 (10.3%) | 86 (13.6%) | |
| Total | 255 (100.0%) | 144 (100.0%) | 234 (100.0%) | 633 (100.0%) | |
| Type of provider ordering test or screening site | |||||
| Dept. of Health fixed-site specific to lead | 23 (9.0%) | 1 (0.7%) | 192 (81.0%) | 216 (33.9%) | <0.0001 (for all states and each pair of states) |
| Other fixed-site screening provider (WIC) | 92 (36.1%) | 4 (2.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | 96 (15.1%) | |
| Private health care provider | 55 (21.6%) | 132 (91.0%) | 11 (4.6%) | 198 (31.1%) | |
| Other | 2 (0.8%) | 1 (0.7%) | 2 (0.8%) | 5 (0.8%) | |
| Unknown/Not specified | 83 (32.5%) | 7 (4.8%) | 32 (13.5%) | 122 (19.2%) | |
| Total | 255 (100.0%) | 145 (100.0%) | 237 (100.0%) | 637 (100.0%) | |
| Funding source for test | |||||
| Medicaid | 0 (0.0%) | 15 (10.3%) | 127 (53.6%) | 142 (22.3%) | <0.0001 (MS vs. OH) |
| Private insurance | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 27 (11.4%) | 27 (4.2%) | |
| Unknown/not specified | 255 (100.0%) | 130 (89.7%) | 83 (35.0%) | 468 (73.5%) | |
| Total | 255 (100.0%) | 145 (100.0%) | 237 (100.0%) | 637 (100.0%) | |
*
The data in this table represent information obtained for 637 distinct children among 633 selected cases for which the cohort year was 2000 or later for MA and MS, and 2004 or later for OH. Four children represent a case selected in two different cohort years, 3 from MS and 1 from OH.
1
Chi-square or Fisher’s exact test used to examine differences in proportion at the p = 0.05 level between MA, OH and MS.
2
Includes Section 8 or subsidized housing.