Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics
| CON (N = 37) | SCZ (N = 38) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
| Age | 36.43 | 8.44 | 35.00 | 9.25 |
| Education (years) | 14.14 | 2.1 | 12.95 | 2.3 |
| Highest Parental Education (years) | 13.78 | 1.65 | 14.00 | 4.3 |
| Sex (% Male) | 43.2 | 63.2 | ||
| Race (% Caucasian) | 29.7 | 42.1 | ||
| Smoking Status (% Smokers) | 43.2 | 57.9 | ||
| Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence | 7.4 | 5.5 | 9.2 | 4.0 |
| Handedness | 4.31 | 0.95 | 4.97 | 0.19 |
| SAPS/SANS Positive | 0.03 | .16 | 3.5 | 2.64 |
| SAPS/SANS Negative | 1.49 | 2.09 | 7.92 | 2.97 |
| SAPS/SANS Disorganization | 2.38 | 1.30 | 2.63 | 2.65 |
| BNSS Total Anhedonia | 0.68 | 2.15 | 1.05 | 1.91 |
| BNSS Total Avolition | 5.76 | 3.48 | 5.38 | 2.44 |
| Chapman Social Anhedonia | 8.92 | 6.26 | 15.39 | 7.98 |
| Chapman Physical Anhedonia | 11.78 | 6.12 | 18.53 | 10.13 |
| Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale | 52.38 | 3.21 | 48.45 | 8.21 |
| TEPS Anticipatory Pleasure | 48.22 | 5.69 | 46.05 | 8.31 |
| TEPS Consummatory Pleasure | 38.41 | 5.64 | 35.03 | 7.37 |
| Apathy Scale | 22.19 | 3.57 | 26.11 | 7.26 |
| Past Major Depressive Disorder (#)(not in past year) | 2 | 7 | 7 | |
| Past Substance Dependence (#) | 2 | 7 | ||
| Antipsychotic Medication (# Taking) | -- | 35a | ||
| Antipsychotic Dose (CPZ equivalent) | -- | 717.78 | 474.25 | |
| Antidepressant Medication (# Taking) | -- | 17 | ||
| Antianxiety Medication (# Taking) | -- | 6 | ||
| Mood Stabilizer Medication (# Taking) | -- | 9 | ||
| Anticholinergic Medication (# Taking) | -- | 12 | ||
Notes: There were no significant differences between patients and controls in age, sex, race, or handedness. Personal education was higher among controls than patients, an expected finding given the effects of schizophrenia on function, but parental education (a surrogate for premorbid socioeconomic status) was similar between groups. Smoking status also did not differ significantly between groups, both in terms of the number of participants who smoke, and the Fagerstrom nicotine dependence scores among smokers. SAPS/SANS scores for positive and negative symptoms were higher among patients than controls, though disorganization scores were low in patients and did not differ between groups. Anhedonia and avolition scores were higher among patients than controls on all clinical and self-report measures except the TEPS anticipatory pleasure score.
Typical only n = 4; atypical only n = 29; typical + atypical n = 2; clozapine only n = 2; clozapine + other n = 3.