(a) Induction of OVA-specific humoral immune response 4 weeks after transdermal (t.d.) administration of HA-OVA (mean ± SD, n = 4). ***, P < 0.001, HA-OVA (500 μg of OVA) vs. HA-OVA with other OVA doses. (b) OVA-specific antibody titers measured at 2, 4 and 8 weeks after transdermal immunization with HA-OVA conjugate (500 μg of OVA) (mean ± SD, n = 4) and 4 days after OVA challenge test. **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001, HA-OVA vs. OVA.