Figure 1.

Pathophysiological role of PAMPs and DAMPS in endothelial dysfunction. PAMPs and DAMPS activate the endothelial cells through a pattern recognition receptor (PRR)-based interaction that triggers the initial inflammatory response. In the absence of endothelial repair, the inflammation leads to a proinflammatory and prothrombotic response manifested by several cardiovascular diseases. PAMPS: pathogen associated molecular patterns; DAMPS: damage associated molecular patterns; S100A8/A9: S100 calcium-binding protein A8 or A9; HSP: heat shock proteins; HMGB1: high mobility group box 1 protein; mtDNA: mitochondrial DNA; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; Ox-LDL: oxidized low-density lipoprotein; ROS: reactive oxygen species