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Velocity vs. force relationship of T4P retraction. The speed of T4P retraction was determined by placing uncoated beads close to a bacterium at a force clamped to different values. Pili bound to the bead and the speed was measured during retraction as described in ref. 57. (A) Average speed of T4P retraction at different forces of WT gonococci. Data are taken from ref. 36. (B) Distribution of T4P retraction speeds at F = 8 pN for ΔpilV (Ng005).
