Fig. 2.

Effect of deworming on cell subsets and marker expression. Flow cytometry was performed on PBMCs from a subset of school children. Gating strategy is shown for (A) lymphocytes and CD4⁺ T cells, from which (B) CD25^hiFOXP3⁺ Treg cell, (C) PD-1, and (D) CTLA-4 expressions on CD4⁺ T cells were derived. (E) CTLA-4 expression on CD25^hiFOXP3⁻ cells was gated from B. The estimated effect of albendazole treatment is shown for the time points 9 and 21 mo after the start of treatment for percentages of CD25^hiFOXP3⁺ (F), PD-1⁺ (G), and CTLA-4⁺ (H) of CD4⁺ T cells and CTLA-4⁺ of CD4⁺FOXP3^– cells (I). Estimates and β (beta) were obtained by linear mixed models; 95% CIs and overall P values over time (P_time) are indicated. As an indication of magnitude of change, the actual percentage of CTLA-4⁺ of CD4⁺FOXP3^– cells in placebo and albendazole groups is shown at 9 mo (J).