Table 3.

Anti-dsDNA antibodies cross-react with different surface-expressed molecules or directly bind to negatively charged extracellular matrical proteins via electrostatic force

Mode of interaction	Molecules on cells/tissues
Cross reactivity
Surface-expressed proteins
Ribosomal P0, P1, and P2	Glomerular mesangial cells
α-Actinin	Glomerular mesangial cells
α-Enolase	Glomerular mesangial cells and epithelial cells
Annexin A2	Glomerular mesangial cells and epithelial cells
Phospholipids	Glomerular mesangial cells and epithelial cells
Basement membrane	Glomeruli and endothelial cells
Matrix-expressed proteins
Collagen	Glomerular matrix
Laminin	Glomerular matrix
Fibronectin	Glomerular matrix
Fibrin	Glomerular matrix
Extracellular proteins
HSP70	Intracellular stress protein
β2GPI	Serum protein
Charge–charge interactions
Heparan sulfate	Glomerular matrix
Chondroitin sulfate	Glomerular matrix

Abbreviations: HSP70, human heat shock protien 70; β₂GPI, β₂-glycoprotien I.