Table 5.
Potential urinary biomarkers in lupus nephritis
| Categories of biomarkers | Urinary molecules |
|---|---|
| Lupus glomerulonephritis | |
| Protein molecules | Albumin Transferrin LFABP NGAL TWEAK Hepcidin, ceruloplasmin B2-Microglobulin, α1-acid glycoprotein THP |
| Inflammatory cytokines/chemokines | IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, IP-10, CXCL MCP-1 (CCL2), MIP-1α (CCL3) Fractalkine (CX3CL1), CXCL6 |
| Anti-inflammatory cytokines | IL-10, TGF-β |
| Soluble cytokine/chemokine receptors | IL-2R, TNF-R1, CXCR3, VCAM-1, P-selectin |
| Growth factor | VEGF |
| Urine proteomic signature | 2.7, 22, 23, 44, 56, 79, 100, and 103 kDa (by SELDI-TOF-MS) |
| Exosomal microRNAs | (↑) MiR-125a, MiR-150, MiR-155, MiR-146 (↓) MiR-141, MiR-192, MiR-200a, MiR-200c, MiR-221, MiR-222, MiR-429 |
| Urine sediment mRNA | IP-10, CXCR3, TGF-β, VEGF, FOXP-3 |
| Tubulointerstitial involvement | β2-Microglobulin, IL-6, IL-8 NAG THP ↓ |
Abbreviation: SELDI-TOF-MS, surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry.