Table 8.

Changes of THP structure in physiology and different pathological conditions

Different conditions	Structure change in THP molecule
Pregnancy	Increased glycosylation
Familial juvenile hyperuricemic nephropathy	Mutations in THP genes
Autosomal medullary cystic kidney disease 2	Mutations in THP genes
Tubulointerstitial nephritis in SLE	Decease in THP excretion
Allograft renal rejection	Reduced mannose residues Reduced Siaα[2,3]Gal/Gal NAc and β[1,4]Glc NAc
Glomerulonephritis	Increased IgG, IgM, and IgA depositions in urine casts
Interstitial cystitis	Reduced high-molecular weight sialylated oligosaccharides
Different urinary diseases
Urinary tract infections, glomerulonephritis, or interstitial nephritis	Decreased N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylgalactosamine
Bartter’s syndrome	Decreased N-acetylglucosamine and less-sialylated chains

Abbreviation: SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus.