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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging. 2016 Nov;1(6):498–506. doi: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2016.03.009

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) were significantly negatively associated with a) higher-order cognition. The relationship remained when removing the subject with a score of six (r=−.16, p<.001). b) Higher-order cognitive ability was significantly reduced in individuals who endorsed at least one PLE (summed score on four questions of interest from ASR were >0) (t(466)=3.15, p=.002), compared to those who endorsed no PLEs, however there was no difference between groups in crystallized knowledge (t(466)=.82, p=.42). PLEs were also significantly negatively associated with c) cingulo-opercular network (CON) global efficiency. The relationship remained significant when removing the subject with a score of six (r=−.10, p=.02). PLEs were measured using four questions from the Achenbach Adult Self Report Scale (“I hear sounds or voices that other people think aren’t there”, “I see things that other people think aren’t there”, “I do things that other people think are strange”, and “I have thoughts that other people would think are strange”). Higher-order cognition was measured as the first factor from a principal components factor analysis including the: Picture Sequencing Task (episodic memory), Wisconsin Card Sort (executive function/cognitive flexibility), Flanker Task (executive function/inhibition), Penn Matrices Test (fluid intelligence), Penn Word Memory Test (episodic memory), and List Sorting Task (working memory).