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. 2016 Oct 19;3(10):160576. doi: 10.1098/rsos.160576

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© 2016 The Authors.

Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited.

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Figure 2. — Evaluating the effects of visual, contact and behavioural cues from queens on workers. (a) There is a significant effect of treatment on worker oocyte size in both trials. Worker ovary activation is higher in the queenless and caged queen groups relative to the free queen groups, and there is no significant different between queenless workers and workers housed with the caged queen. Different letters denote significant differences (p < 0.05). Data are presented as means ± standard errors. (b) Aggressive behaviours are significantly higher in queenless worker groups compared with free queen groups, and caged queen groups are intermediate. Additive total of attacking, humming and darting are presented as means ± s.e. Different letters denote significant differences (p < 0.05). (c) Expression of vitellogenin is significantly higher in the heads of behaviourally dominant workers from the queenless controls compared with behaviourally dominant workers in the free queen groups, whereas workers from caged queen groups are intermediate. There is no effect of treatment on Kr-h1 expression. Different letters denote significant differences (p < 0.05); data are presented as means ± s.e.