Table 1.
Characteristics of the study participants.
| Parameter | Controls | Autograft | Mechanical | Stentless bio | Stented bio | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 9 | 7 | 9 | 8 | 14 | – |
| Sex (females/males) | 1/8 | 2/5 | 0/9 | 2/6 | 4/10 | – |
| Age (years) | 55 ± 16 | 47 ± 17 | 61 ± 11 | 62 ± 20 | 77 ± 4 | <0.001* |
| Native valvular lesion | – | Stenosis (n = 3), regurgitation (n = 1), mixed (n = 3) | Stenosis (n = 3), regurgitation (n = 5), mixed (n = 1) | Stenosis (n = 5), regurgitation (n = 3) | Stenosis (n = 7), regurgitation (n = 2), mixed (n = 5) | – |
| Time since valve surgery [years] | – | 6.0 ± 4.2 | 7.9 ± 3.6 | 2.7 ± 4.8 | 3.6 ± 2.6 | 0.014* |
| Labeled valve size | – | – | 24.3 ± 2.5 | 26.0 ± 1.5 | 23.6 ± 2.0 | 0.029* |
| Orifice area [cm2] | 4.0 ± 0.8 | 4.6 ± 0.9 | 1.8 ± 0.5 | 2.0 ± 0.5 | 1.5 ± 0.4 | <0.001* |
| Orifice area index [cm2/m2] | 2.0 ± 0.4 | 2.3 ± 0.4 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | <0.001* |
| Prosthetic types | – | – | Only bileaflet valves. Levibio ATS (n = 1), Sorin Carbomedics (n = 1), Medtronic Advantage (n = 1), St. Jude Regent (n = 6) | Porcine: Vascutek Elan (n = 1), Shelhigh (n = 3); St. Jude Toronto (n = 1); bovine: Sorin Freedom Solo (n = 2); Medtronic Freestyle (n = 1) | Porcine: Medtronic Hancock (n = 6), Labcore (n = 1); bovine: Edwards Perimount (n = 3), Sorin Mitroflow (n = 2), unknown (n = 2) | – |
| LV end diastolic volume [ml] | 140 ± 41 | 176 ± 34 | 186 ± 98 | 165 ± 64 | 147 ± 58 | 0.459 |
| LV stroke volume [ml] | 92 ± 28 | 98 ± 22 | 76 ± 51 | 98 ± 40 | 84 ± 31 | 0.585 |
| LV ejection fraction [%] | 66 ± 6 | 57 ± 13 | 50 ± 14 | 60 ± 10 | 59 ± 11 | 0.049* |
| Aortic diameter [mm] | 31 ± 5 | 37 ± 4 | 40 ± 8 | 37 ± 7 | 38 ± 4 | 0.009* |
Results are given as frequencies or as mean ± SD. The p-value relates to the Kruskal–Wallis multiple group comparison. Further inter-study relations are outlined in the text.