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. 2016 Nov 8;7:1673. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01673

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Copyright © 2016 Zaidi, Tashkandi, Mansoor and Mahfouz.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Genome organization of begomoviruses and their associated alphasatellites and betasatellites. Monopartite begomoviruses contain only a DNA-A like genome with genes for coat protein (CP) and V2 in sense orientation and replication associated protein (Rep), replication enhancer protein (REn), transcriptional activator protein (TrAP), and C4 in complementary sense orientation. Bipartite begomoviruses contain an extra genomic component DNA-B with genes for nuclear shuttle protein (NSP) in virion sense orientation and movement protein (MP) in complementary sense orientation. Old World (OW) begomoviruses are mostly associated with DNA satellites, which are half the size of the virus, called alphasatellites, and betasatellites. Alphasatellites encode Rep in virion sense orientation and betasatellites encode betaC1 in complementary sense orientation. Both satellites have adenine-rich regions (A-rich). The most conserved region among all begomoviruses and betasatellites is a nonanucleotide (TAATATT/AC) within the intergenic region (IR).