Table 1.
Participant data and outcomes
| Trial First author (year) (country) |
Total group size (n) | Mean age (years) | (1) Clinical inclusion criteria (2) Non-specific back pain |
Baseline mean pain duration | Baseline mean pain intensity: (0–10 cm) |
Baseline mean disability ODI (RMQ) |
Other baseline variables reported | Outcomes measure (follow-up period(s) post-treatment) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alayat24 (2014) (Saudi Arabia) |
52 | 33 | (1) Male patients with history of LBP for at least 1 year (2) Yes |
13 months | 8.3 | 34 | Bodyweight | Pain, ODI, ROM (immediate, 12 weeks) |
| Ay25 (2010) (Turkey) |
40 | 53.5 | (1) LBP over 3 months duration due to lumbar disc herniation (2) Yes |
49 months | 6.3 | 24(15) | Education level | Pain, ODI, RMQ, ROM, GA (immediate) |
| Basford26 (1999) (USA) |
63 | 48 | (1) Non-radiating low back pain of >30 days duration (2) Yes |
10 months | 3.6 | 23 | Degeneration on lumbar X-ray, analgesic use, previous treatment |
Pain, ODI, ROM (immediate, 4 weeks) |
| Djavid27 (2007) (Iran) |
41 | 37 | (1) LBP minimum 12 weeks duration (2) Yes |
27 months | 6.2 | 33 | Education level, smoking status |
Pain, ODI, ROM (immediate, 6 weeks) |
| Glazov28 (2009) (Australia) |
100 | 51 | (1) LBP at least 3 months duration (2) Yes |
11 years | 5.7 | 30 | Multiple | Pain, ODI, GA (immediate, 6 weeks, 6 months) |
| Glazov18 (2014) (Australia) |
144 | 54 | (1) LBP at least 3 months duration (2) Yes |
13 years | 5.0 | 27 | Multiple | Pain, ODI, GA (immediate, 6 weeks, 6 months, 1 year) |
| Klein29 (1990) (USA) |
20 | 42 | (1) LBP at least 12 months duration (2) Yes |
8.5 years | 3.2 | (5.6) | Nil other | Pain, RMQ, ROM (1 month) |
| Konstantinovic30 (2011) (Serbia) |
56 | 69 | (1) Geriatric patients with chronic LBP caused by degenerative changes without red flag symptoms (2) NR |
4.6 months | 6.8 | 31 | Nil other | Pain, ODI, ROM (immediate) |
| Lin31 (2012) (Taiwan) |
28 | 64 | (1) LBP at least 3 months, recruited from a hospital. ‘Other complications like heart attack, kidney problem, pregnancy, excluded’ (2) NR |
NR | 5.2 | NR | BMI | Pain (immediate) |
| Okamoto22 (1989) (Japan) |
69 | 57 | (1) ‘Patients admitted to hospital with LBP,…pregnant, lactating, recent surgery, immune suppressants, difficult to treat excluded’ (2) NR |
NR | NR | NR | Nil other | GA (immediate) |
| Ruth21 (2010) (Germany) |
111 | 59 | (1) LBP over 6 months duration (2) Yes |
10 years | 6.3* | NR | Employment status |
GA (pain, disability)* (12 weeks) |
| Soriano32 (1998)(Argentina) | 85 | 64 | (1) LBP duration over 3 months (2) Yes |
NR | 8.0 | NR | Nil other | GA (immediate) |
| Umegaki23 (1989)(Japan) |
60 | 55 | Same as in Okamoto trial | NR | NR | NR | Nil other | GA (immediate) |
| Vallone33 (2014) (Italy) |
100 | 68 | (1) LBP duration over 6 months (2) Yes |
NR | 6.5 | NR | Nil other | Pain (immediate) |
| Wallace34 (1996) (Australia) |
41 | 50 | (1) LBP at least 3 months duration. (2) Yes |
6.5 years | 6.3 | 31 | Multiple | Pain, ODI (immediate) |
*von Korff scale.
BMI, body mass index; GA, global assessment; LBP, low back pain; NR, not reported; ODI, Oswestry Disability Index; RMQ, Roland Morris Questionnaire; ROM, range of back movement.