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. 2016 Sep 13;65(11):1895–1905. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-311292

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This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt and build upon this work, for commercial use, provided the original work is properly cited. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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Potential clinical applications of epigenetic mechanisms. Dysregulated epigenetic mechanisms are characteristic of both (1) liver cancer and (2) liver fibrosis and are readily examined from biopsy tissue. (A) Cell-free DNA, extracellular microRNAs and nucleosomes from necrotic/apoptotic cells can normally be detected in the circulation, of which the liver provides a proportion; aberrant epigenetic signatures associated with (B) cancer and (C) fibrosis are released into the circulation, potentially providing blood-based markers that could be used to aid diagnosis, prognosis and theranostics.