Table 1.
General characteristics of selected studies.
| Guggenheimer et al., 2000 [20] | Saini et al., 2010 [21] | Bastos et al., 2011 [22] | Mohsin et al., 2014 [23] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type of study | Cross-sectional | Cross-sectional | Cross-sectional | Cross-sectional | ||||
|
| ||||||||
| Country | USA | Malaysia | Brazil | Pakistan | ||||
|
| ||||||||
| Patients recruited at | Department of Oral Medicine, University of Pittsburgh | Endocrinology Clinic of Medical Hospital and Department of Dental School | Clinic of Periodontics, Estadual Paulista University | Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology | ||||
|
| ||||||||
| Sample | 673 | 840 | 257 | 800 | ||||
| Cases 405 |
Controls 268 |
Cases 420 |
Controls 420 |
Cases 146 |
Controls 111 |
Cases 395 |
Controls 405 |
|
|
| ||||||||
| Age (years) | 32.5 ± 0.3 | Cases 52.96 ± 10.52 |
Controls 51.80 ± 11.58 |
Cases 53.10 ± 7.9 |
Controls 51.4 ± 10.3 |
Male 51 ± 8.85 Female 49 ± 8.9 |
||
| Cases 33 ± 0.4 |
Controls 31.8 ± 0.49 |
Cases Male 53 ± 9.8 Female 53 ± 8.8 |
Controls Male 48 ± 7.2 Female 44 ± 5.8 |
|||||
|
| ||||||||
| Gender | Male, 312 Female, 361 |
Male, 352 Female, 488 |
Male, 109 Female, 148 |
Male, 482 Female, 318 |
||||
| Cases Male, 204 Female, 201 |
Controls Male, 108 Female, 160 |
Cases Male, 185 Female, 235 |
Controls Male, 167 Female, 253 |
Cases Male, 56 Female, 90 |
Controls Male, 53 Female, 58 |
Cases Male, 212 Female, 183 |
Controls Male, 270 Female, 135 |
|
|
| ||||||||
| Type of DM | T1DM | T1DM, 29 T2DM, 391 |
T2DM | T2DM | ||||
|
| ||||||||
| Period of time with DM | U | 8,36 ± 6.08 years: <5 years: 170 (40,5%) 6–10 years: 138 (32,9%) >10 years: 112 (26,7%) |
<10 years: 36 (24.7%) ≥10 years: 110 (75.3%) |
U | ||||
|
| ||||||||
| Treatment for DM | Insulin 405 | Oral hypoglycemics, 274 Insulin, 49 Both, 97 |
Oral hypoglycemics, 98 (67.1%) Insulin, 29 (19.8%) Both, 19 (13.1%) |
U | ||||
|
| ||||||||
| Oral mucosal disorders diagnosis criteria | Based on onset, duration, oral habits, clinical appearance, history of trauma, and previous episodes | Based on WHO guide to epidemiology and diagnosis of oral mucosal diseases | U | U | ||||
|
| ||||||||
| Biopsy when needed | U | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||||
|
| ||||||||
| Clinical examination method | Examination light Dental mirror Gauze square |
Electrical overhead light Mouth mirror Tweezers Gauze Wooden tongue depressor |
Artificial light Dental mirror Gauze square |
Visible light Dental mirror Cotton gauze |
||||
|
| ||||||||
| Clinician and experience | 2 oral medicine specialists with 10 years of experience | Single examiner assessed by an oral medicine specialist with more than 7 years of experience | Stomatologist | U | ||||
U: unspecified.