Characterization of SCA3-iPS cells. (a) RT-PCR analysis of the expression of undifferentiated hES cell marker genes in SCA3-iPS cells. (b) Immunostaining of iPS cells for cell surface markers, including alkaline phosphatase, SSEA-3, TRA-1-60, and TRA-1-81. Scale bars, 100 μm. (c) Karyotype of SCA3-iPS cells. (d) Immunofluorescence results showed differentiated SCA3-iPS cells expressing AFP (endoderm marker), SMA (mesoderm marker), and Nestin (ectoderm marker). Scale bars, 100 μm. (e) Teratomas contained tissues from all three types of germ layers, including ectoderm, that is, sebaceous glands (A, B, and C) and neural canal (D); mesoderm, that is, adipose tissue (E, F, and H) and smooth muscle (G); and endoderm, that is, glandular tissue (I, J, K, and L). Cell nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). Scale bars, 20 μm.