Table 1.
Patient characteristics and association with presence of ADR at admission
| Characteristic | All patients | ADR at admission (n = 124) | No ADR at admission (n = 876) | OR (95% CI) | P‐value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female gender, n (%) | 474 (47.4) | 59 (47.6) | 415 (47.4) | 1.01 (0.69–1.47) | 0.966 |
| Age, mean (SD) | 62.8 (16.9) | 67.1 (14.2) | 62.1 (17.2) | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | 2.51 × 10−3 |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | |||||
| Chinese | 690 (69.0) | 88 (71.0) | 602 (68.7) | Ref | 0.512a |
| Malays | 127 (12.7) | 14 (11.3) | 113 (12.9) | 0.85 (0.45–1.50) | |
| Indians | 137 (13.7) | 19 (15.3) | 118 (13.5) | 1.10 (0.63–1.84) | |
| Others | 46 (4.6) | 3 (2.4) | 43 (4.9) | 0.48 (0.11–1.35) | |
| Has drug allergy, n (%) | 244 (24.4) | 34 (27.4) | 210 (24.0) | 1.20 (0.78–1.81) | 0.403 |
| Ward type, n (%) | |||||
| Surgical | 215 (21.5) | 13 (10.5) | 202 (23.1) | Ref | |
| Medical | 785 (78.5) | 111 (89.5) | 674 (76.1) | 2.56 (1.46–4.86) | 1.99 × 10−3 |
| Oncology | 92 (9.2) | 24 (19.4) | 68 (7.8) | 2.85 (1.69–4.69) | 5.57 × 10−5 |
| Admitted from, n (%) | |||||
| Emergency | 865 (86.5) | 93 (75.0) | 772 (88.1) | Ref | |
| Specialist outpatient clinics | 135 (13.5) | 31 (25.0) | 104 (83.9) | 2.47 (1.55–3.87) | 9.56 × 10−5 |
| Co‐morbidities, n (%) | 913 (91.3) | ||||
| CVS condition | 674 (67.4) | 107 (86.3) | 567 (64.7) | 3.43 (2.07–6.02) | 5.19 × 10−6 |
| Diabetes | 319 (31.9) | 45 (36.3) | 274 (31.3) | 1.25 (0.84–1.85) | 0.263 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 183 (18.3) | 24 (19.4) | 159 (18.2) | 1.08 (0.66–1.72) | 0.746 |
| Has cancer | 223 (22.3) | 45 (36.3) | 178 (20.3) | 2.23 (1.49–3.32) | 8.68 × 10−5 |
| No. of medications received, median (range) | 7 (0–28) | 9 (1–20) | 7 (0–28) | 1.08 (1.05–1.12) | 4.48 × 10−6 |
| Proportion of drugs with PharmKGB CA, median (range) | |||||
| Any level of evidence | 52.6 (0–100) | 57.1 (0–100) | 50.0 (0–100) | 1.01 (1.01–1.02) | 5.30 × 10‐4 |
| Level 1 only | 0 (0–100) | 7.7 (0–50) | 0 (0–100) | 1.01 (0.99–1.02) | 0.346 |
| Level 1 or 2 | 16.7 (0–100) | 18.5 (0–75) | 16.7 (0–100) | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | 0.048 |
| Have at least 1 drug with PharmGKB CA, n (%) | |||||
| Any level of evidence | 829 (82.9) | 122 (98.4) | 707 (80.7) | 14.6 (4.58–88.9) | 1.90 × 10−4 |
| Level 1 only | 460 (46.0) | 73 (58.9) | 387 (44.2) | 1.81 (1.24–2.66) | 2.34 × 10−3 |
| Level 1 or 2 | 694 (69.4) | 106 (85.5) | 588 (67.1) | 2.88 (1.76–5.00) | 6.36 × 10−5 |
| Outcomes | |||||
| Length of stay (days), median (range) | 3 (1–112)b | 4 (1–44) | 3 (1–112) | NA | 1.70 × 10−3c |
| Mortality rate, n (%) | 30 (3.0)b | 4 (3.2) | 26 (3.0) | NA | 0.781c |
P‐values are logistic regression P values unless stated otherwise. Oncology (under medical ward type) indicates the patient had been admitted to the specialty for the current admission, while ‘has cancer’ (under co‐morbidities) indicate that the patient has ever had a cancer diagnosis. A CVS condition includes at least one of the following: hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, congestive heart failure, history of myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, rheumatic heart disease, atrial fibrillation, coronary artery disease and any arrhythmias
ADR, adverse drug reaction; CVS, cardiovascular; NA, not applicable; OR, odds ratio; PharmGKB CA, Pharmacogenomics knowledgebase clinical annotation; Ref, reference; SD, standard deviation
Global test of significance using Analysis of Variance
Censored on 31 Mar 2016 with 3 patients still not discharged
Mann‐Whitney U test
Fisher's exact test