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Glial cells that surround ILC3 aggregates such as in cryptopatches and ILF are directly activated by (1) TLR ligands and (2) IL-1β, which results in the secretion of (3) neurotrophic factors that bind to the RTK on ILC3. Ret-activated ILC3 in turn secretes IL-22 (4) enhancing epithelial cell reactivity.
