Fig. 4. Comparison of carbon emission from land-use change and management between China and other countries.

The overall impact of LUCC in China was a net carbon emission of 72.4 Tg year⁻¹ (A), similar to the results of other studies [orange bars in (B) (6, 10, 25)]. LUCC-related emissions from China were almost half the carbon sink in China’s terrestrial system [green bars in (B) (26, 30, 31)]. The mean annual global carbon emissions from LUCC were 1.1 to 1.6 PgC year⁻¹ [yellow bars in (C) (7–9)]. Accordingly, China accounted for 4.5 to 6.6% of the global carbon emissions from LUCC, smaller than those of Brazil and tropical Asia (13, 14).