Fig. 3. Electrical conductivity studies for studying self-healing process.

Electrical conductivity–based studies to analyze the self-healing ability of a self-healing printed trace (A) when repeatedly damaged at the same location (damage widths, 1 to 3 mm) and (B) when damaged at multiple locations (damage width, 1 mm). Inset for the respective panels shows zoomed-in plots, illustrating the conductivity recovery of the self-healing traces upon damage. The dotted red line represents the time when the self-healing process is allowed to take place. Electrical conductivity studies revealing the inability of a printed trace consisting of (C) nonaligned NMPs and (D) only CB (no NMPs) to recover electrical connectivity when completely damaged.