Table 2.

Association of DSM-IV diagnosed depression and anxiety disorders with smoking status in a nationally representative sample of adolescents.

DSM-IV Diagnoses and associated symptoms	Adjusted OR (95% CI) (Ever vs. Never Smokers) ¹
DSM-IV Diagnoses and associated symptoms	Male	Female	Total
Anxiety Disorder (GAD or Panic)²	0.3 (0.0–2.5)	10.6 (3.1–37.0)	4.7 (1.6–13.7)
Severe anxiety disorder ⁴	1.5 (0.1–40.7)	35.0 (3.2–378.4)	12.9 (2.0–82.8)
Subthreshold anxiety	2.3 (0.8–6.5)	2.1 (1.1–4.1)	2.2 (1.3–3.8)
Symptoms of GAD
Restless or feeling keyed up or on edge	0.5 (0.1–2.9)	2.0 (0.6–7.3)	1.2 (0.4–3.6)
Being easily fatigued	1.5 (0.3–7.3)	2.9 (0.8–10.2)	2.1 (0.7–6.0)
Difficulty concentration or mind going blank	0.6 (0.3–1.5)	1.0 (0.4–2.5)	0.9 (0.5–1.8)
Irritability	3.1 (0.7–13.6)	3.7 (1.4–10.1)	3.4 (1.7–6.8)
Muscle tension	2.5 (0.5–11.7)	0.6 (0.2–2.3)	1.7 (0.5–5.6)
Sleep disturbance	1.7 (0.7–4.4)	4.2 (1.9–9.2)	3.0 (1.7–5.2)
Symptoms of Panic Disorder
Sudden fear	1.7 (1.0–3.0)	2.0 (1.2–3.3)	1.8 (1.2–2.8)
Breathing problems	1.5 (0.7–3.2)	2.7 (1.4–5.2)	2.0 (1.3–3.3)
Heart sudden fast beat	1.5 (1.0–2.4)	1.3 (0.9–2.1)	1.4 (1.1–1.9)
3 or more attacks of feeling strange	1.0 (0.2–3.9)	5.1 (2.3–11.3)	3.6 (1.8–7.2)
Fear of strangeness attack repetition	1.6 (0.3–8.9)	3.6 (1.5–8.6)	3.1 (1.4–7.0)
Attack thought cause by physical problem	1.1 (0.2–5.6)	7.1 (2.0–24.8)	4.3 (1.4–13.4)
Thought going crazy because of attacks	3.8 (1.5–10.1)	3.3 (1.2–9.4)	2.5 (1.1–5.5)
Stopped going places – attack fear	254.5 (101.1–640.6)	10.0 (1.3–78.7)	10.1 (1.7–59.9)
Depression (MDD or Dysthymia)³	1.6 (0.7–3.8)	3.9 (1.3–11.3)	2.8 (1.1–6.7)
Severe depression disorder ⁴	0.7 (0.1–2.9)	4.9 (1.3–17.9)	2.9 (1.0–8.8)
Subthreshold MDD	2.4 (0.6–9.1)	5.3 (1.1–24.8)	3.6 (1.1–11.1)
Symptoms of MDD
Depressed mood or irritable mood	3.4 (1.2–9.6)	3.4 (2.2–5.2)	3.1 (1.9–5.1)
Diminished interest or pleasure	4.3 (1.5–12.7)	2.3 (1.2–4.5)	2.7 (1.3–5.6)
Weight loss or weight gain or appetite change	3.6 (1.3–10.1)	2.8 (1.0–7.6)	2.9 (1.4–6.1)
Insomnia or hypersomnia	3.5 (1.4–8.5)	3.3 (1.3–8.4)	3.3 (1.8–6.0)
Psychomotor agitation or retardation	3.3 (1.0–10.9)	3.9 (1.0–15.2)	3.6 (1.4–9.1)
Fatigue or loss of energy	2.3 (0.9–5.7)	5.1 (1.9–13.8)	3.3 (1.7–6.4)
Worthlessness or guilt	5.6 (1.7–18.7)	7.2 (2.6–20.1)	5.4 (2.1–14.0)
Thinking or concentration problems or indecisiveness	2.5 (0.9–7.1)	7.7 (3.3–18.1)	4.8 (2.1–11.2)
Thoughts of death, suicidal ideation, suicide attempt or plan	1.4 (0.3–7.4)	2.7 (1.1–6.4)	2.0 (0.9–4.7)
Symptoms of Dysthymia
Poor appetite or overeating	0.2 (0.0–2.1)	1.6 (0.2–12.4)	1.0 (0.2–5.3)
Insomnia or hypersomnia	0.3 (0.1–1.5)	2.5 (0.4–14.8)	1.2 (0.3–4.8)
Low energy or fatigue	0.5 (0.1–1.9)	0.6 (0.0–9.3)	0.5 (0.1–3.5)
Low self esteem	- ⁵	5.8 (1.7–19.3)	2.0 (0.5–7.9)
Poor concentration, decision difficulty	0.3 (0.1–1.4)	1.9 (0.3–10.5)	1.1 (0.3–4.3)
Feeling of hopelessness	- ⁵	0.9 (0.1–6.0)	0.5 (0.1–2.5)
Either Anxiety or Depression³	1.2 (0.4–3.5)	4.2 (1.6–10.7)	2.7 (1.2–6.2)
Severe anxiety or depression disorder ⁴	0.6 (0.1–2.6)	5.1 (1.4–19.0)	3.0 (1.0–9.2)
Subthreshold Anxiety or MDD	1.9 (0.6–5.9)	3.3 (1.4–7.7)	2.6 (1.3–5.1)

The dependent variable is DSM-IV diagnoses; the regression for anxiety adjusts for the covariates in Table 1 (i.e. age, race, attending school, poverty index ratio and lives with smokers) and depression disorder; the regression for depression disorder adjusts for covariates and anxiety; the regression for either disorder only adjusts for Table 1 covariates;

use sample I;

use sample II;

⁴

severe cases defined as having endorsed at least one severe rating to impairment questions (‘very bad’, ‘a lot of the time’); and

⁵

inestimable or unreliable due to small n.