Table 3.
Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios for predictors of cervical high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in women living with HIV with sufficient DNA for HPV analysis (n = 295)
| Predictors of HPVa | HPV-positive group (n = 78) | HPV-negative group (n = 151) | Unadjusted odds ratios | p-value | Adjusted odds ratiosb | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at 1 February 2011 (inclusion), n(%) | ||||||
| 18-29 years | 9 (11.5) | 9 (4.2) | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
| 30-50 years | 51 (65.4) | 161 (74.2) | 0.32 (0.12-0.84) | 0.02 | 0.43 (0.14-1.33) | 0.14 |
| > 50 years | 18 (23.1) | 47 (21.7) | 0.38 (0.13-1.12) | 0.08 | 0.51 (0.13-1.92) | 0.32 |
| (missing) | 0 (0) | (0) | ||||
| Combined p-value | 0.068 | 0.32 | ||||
| Race, n(%) | ||||||
| White | 34 (44.7) | 94 (44.1) | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
| Asian | 6 (7.9) | 31 (14.6) | 0.54 (0.21-1.40) | 0.20 | 0.67 (0.23-1.92) | 0.46 |
| Black | 36 (47.4) | 88 (41.3) | 1.13 (0.65-1.96) | 0.66 | 0.38 (0.67-2.87) | 0.38 |
| (missing) | (2) | (4) | - | - | ||
| Combined p-value | 0.31 | 0.35 | ||||
| Sexual debut, n(%) | ||||||
| ≥ 16 years of age | 51 (65.4) | 160 (73.7) | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
| < 16 years of age | 27 (34.6) | 57 (26.3) | 1.49 (0.85-2.59) | 0.16 | 2.05 (1.03-4.10) | 0.042 |
| (missing) | (0) | (0) | - | |||
| HAART duration, (years) | ||||||
| Median (IQR) | 4.6 (2.0-10.4) | 8.8 (4.6-12.2) | 0.91 (0.86-0.96) | 0.0013 | 0.90 (0.84-0.96) | 0.0011 |
| (missing) | (2) | (9) | ||||
| AIDS prior to inclusion, n(%) | ||||||
| No | 55 (71.4) | 191 (88.4) | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
| Yes | 22 (28.6) | 25 (11.6) | 0.33 (0.17-0.63) | 0.0007 | 3.61 (1.75-7.46) | 0.0005 |
| (missing) | (1) | (1) | ||||
| Smoking status, n(%) | ||||||
| Current smoker/Ex-smoker | 33 (42.3) | 92 (42.4) | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
| Never smoker | 45 (57.7) | 125 (57.6) | 1.00 (0.59-1.69) | 0.99 | 1.31 (0.65-2.63) | 0.45 |
| (missing) | (0) | (0) | ||||
| Number of lifetime sexual partners at inclusion, n(%) | ||||||
| < 5 | 36 (25.0) | 54 (36.0) | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
| ≥ 5 | 108 (75.0) | 96 (64.0) | 1.83 (1.00-3.36) | 0.05 | 2.20 (1.08-4.49) | 0.03 |
| (missing) | (0) | (1) | ||||
| Use of hormonal contraceptives, | ||||||
| n(%) | 12 (8.3) | 9 (6.0) | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
| Yes | 132 (91.7) | 142 (94.0) | 0.89 (0.33-2.38) | 0.82 | 1.29 (0.40-4.10) | 0.67 |
| No | (0) | (0) | ||||
| (missing) | ||||||
| CD4 count at inclusion (cells/μL), | ||||||
| > 350 | 45 (69.2) | 173 (83.2) | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
| 200-350 | 15 (23.1) | 28 (13.5) | 2.06 (1.02-4.18) | 0.045 | 2.53 (1.20-5.40) | 0.015 |
| < 200 | 5 (7.7) | 7 (3.4) | 2.75 (0.83-9.06) | 0.10 | 2.70 (0.78-9.33) | 0.12 |
| (missing) | (13) | (9) | ||||
| Combined p-value | 0.0496 | 0.023 | ||||
HAART = Highly active antiretroviral therapy
aTwo models are shown in the table: Age, race, sexual debut, smoking status, number of lifetime sexual partners and use of hormonal contraceptives were included in both models, whereas HAART duration and AIDS prior to inclusion were included in the first model and replaced by CD4 at inclusion inthe second model, We only presented the ORs of the CD4 count from the second model, bThe validity of the model was tested using the Hosmer and Lemeshow Goodness-of-Fit Test