Table 1.
Table of material and Genbank accession. Collectors references acronyms are Olivier Maurin (OM), Muthama Muasya (AMM), Sebsebe Demissew (SD), Pilar Catalán (PC), Ernesto Pérez-Collazos (EP). Genbank accessions in plain text are new to this study, accessions in bold were retrieved from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
| Taxon | Voucher (Museum) | Distribution | Habitat | Habit | rbcL | matK | trnL-F | trnH-psbA | PsaA-Ycf3 | rpl32-trnL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dioscorea brachybotrya Poepp. | Rudall P. s.n (K) | C. & S. Chile to Argentina | At medium altitude up to the timber line, and at low altitude in interior valleys | Shrub climber, 2 m in height | AF307469 | AY956482 | KM878027 | KR086979 | KR087124 | KR088291 |
| Dioscorea brownii Schinz | Grieve 53 (K) | South Africa - KwaZulu-Natal | Grassland | Pachycaul slightly emerging with annual solitary stems reaching 1 m in height | KR087028 | KR086942 | KR070855 | KR086980 | KR087125 | KR088292 |
| Dioscorea buchananii Benth. | Bingham10290 (K) | Tanzania, Angola, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe, DRC | Combretum thickets and at proximity of woody outcrop | Twining wine with perennial tuber and stems up to 9 m long | KR087029 | KR086943 | KR070856 | KR086981 | KR087126 | KR088293 |
| Dioscorea bulbifera L. | OM3576 (BNRH) | Native in Tropical and subtropical region from Africa, Asia and Australasia. Introduced elsewhere | Forest and woodlands | Twining wine with perennial tuber and stems up to 12 m long | KR087030 | KR086944 | KR070857 | KR086982 | KR087127 | KR088294 |
| Dioscorea burchellii Baker | AMM6650 (BOL) | South Africa - Eastern Cape | At medium to high Altitude in dense fynbos vegetation | Tuberous perennial, shoot to 1 m height | KR087032 | KR086946 | KR070859 | KR086984 | KR087129 | KR088296 |
| Dioscorea burchellii Baker | AMM6704A (BOL) | - | - | - | KR087031 | KR086945 | KR070858 | KR086983 | KR087128 | KR088295 |
| Dioscorea chouardii Gaussen | PC334 (JACA) | Spain | Limestone rock-crevices | Tuberous perennial, shoot to 1 m height | KM877855 | KM877907 | KR070860 | KR086985 | KR087130 | KR088297 |
| Dioscorea communis (L.) Caddick & Wilkin | Chase536 (K) | Europe, North African and temperate Asia | Woodland and woodland hedges | Herbaceous with climbing stem, up to 4 m in height | KR087033 | KR086947 | KR070871 | KR086996 | KR087141 | KR088308 |
| Dioscorea cotinifolia Kunth | AMM6112 (BOL) | Mozambique, South Africa and Swaziland | Open dry forest, forest margins, scrubby vegetation and rocky places | Tuberous plant with vigorous annual twining stems reaching up to 10 m height | KR087034 | KR086948 | KR070862 | KR086987 | KR087132 | KR088299 |
| Dioscorea cotinifolia Kunth | AMM6158 (BOL) | - | - | - | KR087035 | KR086949 | KR070863 | KR086988 | KR087133 | KR088300 |
| Dioscorea cotinifolia Kunth | OM1458 (BNRH) | - | - | - | KR087036 | KR086950 | KR070864 | KR086989 | KR087134 | KR088301 |
| Dioscorea dregeana (Kunth) T. Durand & Schinz | AMM6104 (BOL) | Mozambique and South Africa | Forest, woodlands found among rocks and ravine | Tuberous plants with annual to persistent stems reaching up to 12 m height | KR087038 | KR086952 | KR070866 | KR086991 | KR087136 | KR088303 |
| Dioscorea dregeana (Kunth) T. Durand & Schinz | AMM6166 (BOL) | - | - | - | KR087039 | KR086953 | KR070868 | KR086993 | KR087138 | KR088305 |
| Dioscorea dregeana (Kunth) T. Durand & Schinz | OM1465 (BNRH) | - | - | - | JQ025042 | JQ024957 | KR070867 | KR086992 | KR087137 | KR088304 |
| Dioscorea dregeana (Kunth) T. Durand & Schinz | OM2247 (BNRH) | - | - | - | KR087037 | KR086951 | KR070865 | KR086990 | KR087135 | KR088302 |
| Dioscorea dumetorum (Kunth) Pax | OM2315 (BNRH) | Sub-Saharan Africa, excluding parts of Southern Africa | Forest and woodlands and along riverbanks, generally at low altitude | Tuberous plants with annual to persistent stems reaching up to 5 m height | KR087040 | KR086954 | KR070869 | KR086994 | KR087139 | KR088306 |
| Dioscorea dumetorum (Kunth) Pax | OM3953 (BNRH) | - | - | - | KR087041 | KR086955 | KR070870 | KR086995 | KR087140 | KR088307 |
| Dioscorea elephantipes (L’Hér.) Engl. | AMM5225 (BOL) | Namibia, South Africa - All Capes provinces | From Medium to high altitude, in thorny and succulent vegetation (e.g. Thickets) | Pachycaul up to 80 cm in diameter, with shoot up to 1 m height | KR087042 | KR086956 | KR070872 | KR086997 | KR087142 | KR088309 |
| Dioscorea elephantipes (L’Hér.) Engl. | AMM5226a (BOL) | - | - | - | KR087043 | KR086957 | KR070873 | KR086998 | KR087143 | KR088310 |
| Dioscorea elephantipes (L’Hér.) Engl. | AMM6713 (BOL) | - | - | - | KR087044 | KR086958 | KR070874 | KR086999 | KR087144 | KR088311 |
| Dioscorea galeottiana Kunth | Telez13090 (MEXU) | Centre America, Mexico | Tropical Dry Forest | Perennial tuber, climber | AY904796 | AY956499 | KM878046 | KR087000 | KR087145 | KR088312 |
| Dioscorea gillettii Milne-Redh. | SD7051 (ETH) | Southern Ethiopia | Dry woodland vegetation | Perennial tuber with twining stems up to 1.5 m height | KR087046 | KR086960 | KR070876 | KR087002 | KR087147 | KR088314 |
| Dioscorea gillettii Milne-Redh. | SD7052 (ETH) | - | - | - | KR087045 | KR086959 | KR070875 | KR087001 | KR087146 | KR088313 |
| Dioscorea hemicrypta Burkill | AMM5800 (BOL) | South Africa - Western Cape | From Medium to high altitude, in thorny and succulent vegetation (e.g. Thickets) | Pachycaul, partially emerged with annual shoot emerging from the crown | KR087050 | KR086964 | KR070880 | KR087006 | KR087151 | KR088318 |
| Dioscorea hemicrypta Burkill | AMM6633 (BOL) | - | - | - | KR087049 | KR086963 | KR070879 | KR087005 | KR087150 | KR088317 |
| Dioscorea hemicrypta Burkill | AMM6886a (BOL) | - | - | - | KR087047 | KR086961 | KR070877 | KR087003 | KR087148 | KR088315 |
| Dioscorea hemicrypta Burkill | AMM6697 (BOL) | - | - | - | KR087048 | KR086962 | KR070878 | KR087004 | KR087149 | KR088316 |
| Dioscorea kituiensis Wilkin & Muasya | Mwachala 949a (K) | Eastern Kenya | Rocky area in dry woodlands | Tuberous perennial with twining stems reaching 1.5 m height | KR087051 | KR086965 | KR070881 | KR087007 | KR087152 | KR088319 |
| Dioscorea multiloba Kunth | AMM6167 (BOL) | South Africa - Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal and Swaziland | High altitude forests vegetation. | Tuberous perennial with twining stems reaching 2 m in height | KR087052 | KR086966 | KR070882 | KR087008 | KR087153 | KR088320 |
| Dioscorea mundii Baker | AMM6641 (BOL) | South Africa - Western Cape | Coastal forest vegetation | Perennial with underground tuber from which stems arise (or from the bases of old stems) that climb to at least 5 m in height in surrounding vegetation | KR087054 | KR086968 | KR070884 | KR087010 | KR087155 | KR088322 |
| Dioscorea mundii Baker | AMM6642 (BOL) | - | - | - | KR087053 | KR086967 | KR070883 | KR087009 | KR087154 | KR088321 |
| Dioscorea orientalis (J. Thiébaut) Caddick & Wilkin | Tori 1 (HUJ) | Temperate western Asia | Mediterranean Woodlands and Shrublands | Geophyte, climber | KM877858 | KM877911 | KM878066 | KR087011 | KR087156 | KR088323 |
| Dioscorea prazeri Prain & Burkill | Wilkin1075 (K) | Asia | Open vegetation in mixed forests | Rhizome, with climbing stem up to 5 m height | AY973485 | KM877871 | KM878019 | KR087012 | KR087157 | KR088324 |
| Dioscorea pyrenaica Bubani & Bordère ex Gren. | EP1038 (JACA) | France, Spain (Pyrenees mountain range) | On limestone rocks | Tuberculous plant with short annual stems reaching 40 cm height | KM877859 | KM877912 | KM878067 | KR087013 | KR087158 | n.a. |
| Dioscorea rupicola Kunth | AMM3676 (BOL) | South Africa - Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal | Occurring in open areas at high altitude in shady temperate and humid forest | Perennial tuber with twining stems growing on surrounding vegetation | KR087055 | KR086969 | KR070885 | KR087014 | KR087159 | KR088325 |
| Dioscorea sansibarensis Pax | OM2421 (BNRH) | Sub-Saharan Africa, including Madagascar but excluding Southern Africa | Humid forest, low altitude, along riverine | Large tuberous species with vigorous stems up to 30 m in length climbing and trailing on surrounding vegetation | KR087056 | KR086970 | KR070886 | KR087015 | KR087160 | KR088326 |
| Dioscorea schimperana Hochst. ex Kunth | OM2372 (BNRH) | Tropical Africa, including Zambia, Zimbabwe, Malawi and Mozambique | Open vegetation, on Rocks, termites’ mounts and along riverbanks | Annual tuber, producing vigorous shoots reaching 8 m height | KR087058 | KR086972 | KR070888 | KR087017 | KR087162 | KR088328 |
| Dioscorea schimperana Hochst. ex Kunth | OM3532 (BNRH) | - | - | - | KR087057 | KR086971 | KR070887 | KR087016 | KR087161 | KR088327 |
| Dioscorea stipulosa Uline ex R. Knuth | AMM6748 (BOL) | South Africa - Eastern Cape | In fynbos, in moist rich soils | Perennial tuber with annual shoot reaching up to 3 m in length | KR087060 | KR086974 | KR070890 | KR087019 | KR087164 | KR088330 |
| Dioscorea stipulosa Uline ex R. Knuth | AMM6800 (BOL) | - | - | - | KR087059 | KR086973 | KR070889 | KR087018 | KR087163 | KR088329 |
| Dioscorea strydomiana Wilkin | AMM6124 (BOL) | South Africa, Mpumalanga | Open woodland | Pachycaul up to 80 cm in diameter, with shoot up to 90 cm height | KF147467 | KF147390 | KR070892 | KR087021 | KR087166 | KR088332 |
| Dioscorea strydomiana Wilkin | Burrows 10627 (BNRH) | - | - | - | KR087061 | KR086975 | KR070891 | KR087020 | KR087165 | KR088331 |
| Dioscorea sylvatica Eckl. | Burrows 12487 (BNRH) | Southern Africa | Found from low to high altitude in a variable range of vegetation from Dunes, to rocky outcrop and open woodland vegetation. | Perennial tuber, with Herbaceous annual stem reaching 4 m in length | KR087062 | KR086976 | KR070893 | KR087022 | KR087167 | KR088333 |
| Dioscorea sylvatica Eckl. | OM1433 (BNRH) | - | - | - | KR087063 | KR086977 | KR070894 | KR087023 | KR087168 | KR088334 |
| Dioscorea sylvatica Eckl. f. glauca | Burrows 12477 (BNRH) | - | - | - | KR087064 | KR086978 | KR070895 | KR087024 | KR087169 | KR088335 |
| Dioscorea tentaculigera Prain & Burkill | Thapyai 436 | South Central Chine, Myanmar and Thailand | Evergreen forest from medium to high altitude | Perennial tuber, with climbing stems up to 4 m in length | AY972828 | AY939886 | KM878070 | KR087025 | KR087170 | KR088336 |
|
Tamus edulis Lowe (combination in Dioscorea pending) |
Chase 3425 (K) | Mediterranean region | Woodland and woodland hedges | Herbaceous with climbing stem | AY939891 | AY973843 | KR070861 | KR086986 | KR087131 | KR088298 |
| Outgroups | ||||||||||
| Stenomeris borneensis Oliv. | Brun19174 (K) | Tropical Asia | - | - | AF307475 | AY973836 | - | - | - | - |
| Tacca plantaginea (Hance) Drenth | ZL002 (n.a.) | Tropical Asia | - | - | JF944619 | JF956650 | - | - | - | - |