Fig. 6.

Glutamate-induced toxicity in SH-SY5Y and BV2 cells is AMPK dependent. a The Western blot analysis and relative integrated density histograms of p-NF-_kB, COX2 and caspase-3 proteins in SH-SY5Y cells. The treatment details are the same as described in the “Methods” section. β-Actin was used as a loading control. b The activity histogram of NF-_kBp65 (total) in the cell lysates, as measured with an ELISA kit. c The COX2 assay was performed with SH-SY5Y cells after treatment with the indicated concentrations of glutamate, anthocyanins, and compound C for the indicated duration of time. After treatment, cells were fixed prior to performing the assay as per the manufacturer’s instructions. The immunostaining images (d) of p-NF-_kB (green), p-AMPK (red) (e), Nrf2 (green) and DAPI (blue) in the BV2 cells treated with glutamate and anthocyanins. Their densities are depicted in the relative IOD histogram. f The COX2 assay histogram in BV2 cells was conducted according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Significance, ***P < 0.001 and ^## P < 0.01, ^### P < 0.001, respectively