Table 1B.
Characteristics of the included articles
| Study |
Year of publication |
Type of study |
Groups |
Treatment provided |
N patients |
N implants |
Follow-up (months) |
Diagnosis |
Treatment outcomes |
Microbiological results |
Conclusions | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Self- performed |
Professionally- delivered |
Mucositis/ peri-implantitis |
PDs reduction Mean (SD), mm |
Radiographic MBL changes Mean (SD), mm |
BOP changes Mean (SD), mm |
Exudate changes | PI or MPI (SD) changes |
CAL Mean (SD), mm |
Recession Mean (SD), mm |
|||||||||
| John et al. [24] | 2015 | RCT | AAD | OHI on 2 to 4 appointments | Submucosal AAD employed with amino acid glycine powder (Air-Flow® Perio Powder, EMS) | 12 | 18 | 12 | Peri-implantitis |
3.7 (1) to 3.2 (1.1) |
NA |
99 (4.1) to 57.8 (30.7)% |
NA |
1.2 (1.1) to 1.8 (1.1) |
5.2 (1.9) to 4.6 (1.8) |
1.5 (1.4) to 1.4 (1.3) |
NA | Both treatments resulted in comparable but limited CAL gains at 12 months. AAD was associated with significantly higher BOP decrease than MDA. |
| MD (carbon curettes + local antiseptic therapy) |
OHI on 2 to 4 appointments | MD was performed using carbon curets followed by pocket irrigation with a 0.1 % CHX solution and submucosal application of 1 % CHX gel | 13 | 18 |
3.9 (1.1) to 3.5 (1.2) |
NA |
94.7 (13.7) to 78.1 (30)% |
NA |
1.2 (1) to 0.9 (0.7) |
5 (1.5) to 4.5 (1.3) |
1 (1.1) to 0.9 (1.1) |
NA | ||||||
| Machtei et al. [25] | 2012 | Double-blind RCT | Control |
OHI patients were given sodium fluoride toothpaste |
Surface MD+ biodegradable crosslinked gelatin matrix chip (placebo) | 30 | 37 | 6 | Peri-implantitis |
7.21 to 5.48 |
NA | 100 to 42.5% | NA | NA |
7.63 (0.3) to 5.94 (0.3) |
NA | NA | Substantial reduction in PD, gain in CAL and reduction in BOP in sites with peri-implantitis. |
| Test |
OHI patients were given sodium fluoride toothpaste |
Surface MD+ matrix containing 2.5 mg CHX chips | 30 | 40 |
7.60 to 5.47 |
NA | 100 to 59% | NA | NA |
7.88 (0.2) to 5.7 (0.3) |
NA | NA | ||||||
| Persson et al. [26] | 2011 | RCT | Er:YAG laser | OHI and patients received a sonic toothbrush | (Er:YAG) laser: 100 mJ/pulse and 10 Hz (12.7 J/cm2) | 21 | 55 | 6 | Peri-implantitis | PD reductions: 0.9 (0.8) | Statistical analyses failed to demonstrate differences in bone-level changes between baseline and 6 months | Statistical analyses also failed to demonstrate differences in the BOP at 6 weeks after treatment | NA | NA | NA | NA | Both treatments failed to reduce bacterial counts at 6 months. Porphyromonas gingivalis counts were higher in cases with progressive peri-implantitis | At 1 month, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and S. anaerobius were reduced in the air-abrasive group, and Fusobacterium spp. were reduced in the laser group. 6 month data demonstrated that both methods failed to reduce bacterial counts. Clinical improvements were limited. |
|
AAD subgingival polishing |
OHI patients received a sonic toothbrush |
AAD subgingival polishing for 15 sec in each position |
21 | 45 | PD reductions: 0.8 (0.5) | Statistical analyses failed to demonstrate differences in bone-level changes between baseline and 6 months | Statistical analyses also failed to demonstrate differences in the BOP at 6 weeks after treatment | NA | NA | NA | NA | |||||||
| Riben-Grundstrom et al. [27] | 2015 | RCT |
Glycine powder air-polishing group |
OHI | Glycine powder air-polishing was performed at baseline, 3 and 6 months. Supragingival DE was provided at month 9 and 12. | 18 | NA | 12 | Mucositis | NA | NA | 43.9 (7.3) to 12.1 (3.8) |
No differences were found |
Implant 25.5 (6.8) to 5.6 (3.8) |
NA |
No differences were found |
NA | Non-surgical treatment with a glycine powder air-polishing or ultrasonic device is effective in reducing inflammation and number of peri-implant pockets subject to patient compliance |
| Ultrasonic group | OHI | Cleaning with ultrasonic was performed at baseline, 3 and 7 months. Supragingival MD was provided at month 9 and 12. | 18 | NA | NA | NA | 53.7 (7.9) to 18.6 (6.4) |
No differences were found |
Implant 24.1 (6.6) to 7.4 (6.4) |
NA |
No differences were found |
NA | ||||||
| Swierkot et al. [28] | 2013 | RCT | Sonic toothbrush group |
Brush 2 min twice daily with toothpaste, brush their teeth with sonic tooth brush according to the manufacturer's instructions |
NA | 35 |
Mean count: 4.19 |
12 | No peri-implantitis, 22% mucositis |
3.4 (0.88) to 3.4 (0.8) |
NA | 0.22 (0.3) to 0.27 (0.26) | NA |
0.86 (0.73)to 1 (0.79) |
4.64 (1.63) to 5.1 (1.78) |
1.23 (1.33) to 1.7 (1.48) |
After 12 months, both groups exhibited a small increase in total bacterial load at implants and teeth. P gingivalis, P micra and D. pneumosintes were consistently detected at nearly every examination time for implant and teeth groups. | No difference between sonic and manual tooth brushing for plaque reduction at implants and teeth. Sonic and manual toothbrushes maintained clinical, microbiological and immunological parameters over a period of 12 months at implants and teeth with no signs of soft tissue damage or technical complications. |
| Manual toothbrush group | Brush 2 min twice daily with toothpaste, modified Bass technique | NA | 36 |
Mean count: 4.32 |
No peri-implantitis, 19% mucositis |
3.13 (0.75) to 3.13 (0.78) |
NA | 0.19 (0.28) to 0.28 (0.38) | NA |
0.56 (0.52) to 0.92 (0.93) |
4.41 (1.65) to 4.43 (1.28) |
1.28 (1.26) to 1.29 (0.85) |
||||||
AAD = air-abrasive device; BOP = bleeding on probing; CAL = clinical attachment level; CHX = chlorhexidine digluconate; DE = debridement; LD = local delivery; MBL = marginal bone level; MD = mechanical debridement; MPI = modified plaque index; NA = not available; OHI = oral hygiene instructions; PD = probing depth; PI = plaque index; RB = radiographic bone; RCT = randomized controlled trials; SD = standard deviation.